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这是西班牙语人名，首姓或父姓姓氏是“波马”，次姓或母姓是“卢克（英语：Luque (disambiguation)）”。
玛尔塔·波马
Headshot of Martha Poma
Official portrait, 2012
拉巴斯省参议员（英语：Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)）
任期
2010年1月19日—2015年1月18日
替补者（英语：Substitute (elections)）维克托·卡斯特罗
前任路易斯·巴斯克斯
继任豪尔赫·肖克（西班牙语：Jorge Choque）
个人资料
出生Martha Poma Luque
(1964-11-19) 1964年11月19日（60岁）
Chojñapata Chiñaja（英语：Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton）, La Paz, Bolivia
政党Movement for Socialism (2006–present)
其他政党Integrative Social Autonomy (2004)
职业
  • Artisan
  • politician
  • trade unionist

Martha Poma Luque (born 19 November 1964) is a Bolivian politician, trade unionist, and textile artisan who served as senator（英语：Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)） for La Paz from 2010 to 2015.

Born in highland Omasuyos Province, Poma spent her youth between the rural Altiplano and the migrant city of El Alto. A daughter of artisans, she worked in handicrafts, producing traditional indigenous textiles（英语：Andean textiles） for much of her life. Poma taught women's workshops on weaving and sewing for the Catholic（英语：Catholic Church in Bolivia） charity Caritas and held leadership positions in artisan organizations, including as general secretary of the Pachamama Artisans' Association. She served as chair of the Central Council of Artisans of El Alto and represented her trade's labor organizations at the Regional Worker Center and the National Confederation of Artisans.

Following an unsuccessful campaign for a seat on the El Alto Municipal Council（英语：El Alto Municipality） in 2004, Poma joined the ranks of the ruling Movement for Socialism. She failed in her first bid for Constituent Assembly（英语：Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007） in 2006 and finally won a seat in the Senate in 2009. Poma was the first indigenous woman​（西班牙语） to represent La Paz in the Senate and the first to serve on its directorate. As a representative of El Alto's artisan sector, Poma led the push to revive a long-gridlocked artisanry bill and defended her constituency even when their position conflicted with ruling party policy. She was not nominated for reelection.

Early life and career

Early life and education

Martha Poma was born on 19 November 1964 in Chojñapata Chiñaja（英语：Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton）,[α] a canton in the Ancoraimes Municipality of western La Paz's highland Omasuyos Province.[3] Poma was the lone daughter in a family of twelve siblings;[4] her parents, both artisans, made their livings in multiple fields: Poma's mother operated a small family-owned restaurant and specialized in embroidery in her off time, while her father made weavings from alpaca fiber（英语：alpaca fiber） during his days away from the mines.[5]

Poma spent her youth between the city and the countryside. Her family practiced agriculture（英语：Andean agriculture） and animal husbandry on the Altiplano; she was taught to work the fields, harvesting traditional Andean crops, primarily maize and potatoes. From age 4, Poma spent regular stints in La Paz's west end (now El Alto),[6] where she attended the Henriette de la Chevalier School up through her third year of intermediate.[7] She completed the remainder of her studies at adult school（英语：adult school）, graduating with a baccalaureate​（西班牙语） from the Center for Accelerated Secondary Education in 2003.[8]

Career and trade unionism

Like her parents, Poma worked as a textile artisan（英语：Textile arts） for a significant part of her life. She labored for over two decades producing（英语：Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods） traditional indigenous textiles（英语：Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas） of the region（英语：Andean textiles）:[2] alpaca fiber garments, macramé（英语：macramé）, pollera（英语：pollera）s, etc.[9] Her family sold their handicraft on the informal market, the dominant trade channel in El Alto and La Paz's urban periphery.[10] To improve her skill, Poma attended regular training workshop（英语：training workshop）s hosted by the Pastoral Social,[5] and she worked directly with the Church（英语：Catholic Church in Bolivia）-affiliated charity Caritas Bolivia to deliver classes on sewing and weaving.[10] Poma spent eighteen years as a trainer for Caritas's Pachamama Center from 1988 to 2005, providing vocational education to over 1,000 women in El Alto and surrounding provinces. During this time, she served as general secretary of the Pachamama Artisans' Association.[11]

Poma also held local civic positions as chair of her son's school board（英语：school board） from 1994 to 2000 and president of her community's neighborhood council（英语：neighborhood council） for two years afterward. At the same time, she made headwinds in her sector's trade union（英语：Craft unionism） circuit: she served as executive secretary of the Central Council of Artisans of El Alto from 1992 to 1996 and was a regional executive of the National Confederation of Artisans of Bolivia from 1998 to 2001. As a representative of the city's seventy-four artisan organizations, Poma also held a seat on the directorate of the El Alto Regional Worker Center.[12]

Chamber of Senators

Election

更多信息：2009 Bolivian general election

Poma ran for a seat on the El Alto Municipal Council（英语：El Alto Municipality） in 2004 as part of a slate of candidates（英语：Slate (elections)） presented by Integrative Social Autonomy (ASI), a minor political front. The 2004 municipal elections were the first to allow local political organizations to compete, and many groups were formed to contest it; in El Alto, the field was especially crowded. Most smaller contenders saw disappointing showings: Poma – who headlined ASI's list（英语：Electoral list） of substitute（英语：Substitute (elections)） councillors – was not elected, as ASI won no seats.[10]

Poma ran again for public office in 2006, this time with a more established front: the governing Movement for Socialism (MAS). She was nominated for a party-list seat in the Constituent Assembly（英语：Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007）, though in a low slot that gave negligible prospects for victory. In effect, the electoral system in place in 2006 made it improbable for any party – no matter how dominant – to win more than two, at most three, party-list constituents.[13] Poma's name was kept in mind for future contests, and in 2009, allied social movement organization（英语：social movement organization）s affiliated with the MAS nominated her for a seat in the Senate（英语：Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)）.[14] On this occasion, she won.[15]

Tenure

Poma was the first indigenous chola​（西班牙语） and co-second woman[β] to represent La Paz in the Senate.[16] Following the accession of senator René Martínez​（西班牙语） to the presidency of the Senate（英语：Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)）, Poma was voted to replace him as first vice president,[17] making her the first indigenous woman to serve on the upper chamber's governing directorate.[18]

In office, Poma's legislative priorities centered on the needs of her sectoral base: artisans. She was the driving force behind the passage of Bolivia's Artisanry Promotion Law, enacted in 2012 after a near-quarter-century of being stuck in development.[19] The legislation formally incorporated the country's artisan craftsmen – metal, textile, and woodworkers, tailors, even painters and photographers, etc. – into the organized economy, allowing for greater ease of doing business and providing tradesmen state-allocated funds for vocational training, business, and sales support.[20]

On occasion, Poma's sectoral loyalties transcended partisan affiliation. In one notable instance, Poma was the lone ruling party senator to oppose a bill providing limited amnesty for drivers of unregistered vehicles.[21] She argued that it would incentivize peddlers of contraband second-hand clothes to seek their own pardon, to the detriment of legitimate clothiers.[22]

In keeping with the MAS's general practice of rotating out its incumbent representatives in favor of new cadres, Poma was not nominated for reelection in 2014, concluding her legislative service after just one term.[10] She was briefly placed in contention for the El Alto mayoralty when the party was analyzing running a woman in the 2015 election（英语：2015 Bolivian regional elections）.[23] Former minister Mabel Monje（英语：Mabel Monje） won out there before it was ultimately decided to re-nominate incumbent Edgar Patana​（西班牙语）,[24] who went on to lose reelection.[25]

Commission assignments

  • Chamber of Senators Directorate (First Vice President: 2010–2012)[26][27]
  • State Security, Armed Forces, and Bolivian Police Commission
    • Armed Forces and Bolivian Police Committee (Secretary: 2013–2014)[28]
  • Plural Economy, Production, Industry, and Industrialization Commission (President: 2012–2013, 2014–2015)[29][30]
    • Plural Economy, Productive Development, Public Works, and Infrastructure Committee (Secretary: 2010)[31]

Electoral history

Electoral history of Martha Poma
Year Office Party Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
2004 Councillor（英语：Councillor） Integrative Social Autonomy 2,929 1.09% 6th Lost [32][γ]
2006（英语：2006 Bolivian Constituent Assembly election） Constituent（英语：Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007） Movement for Socialism 558,886 63.82% 1st Lost [33][γ]
2009（英语：2009 Bolivian general election） Senator（英语：Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)） Movement for Socialism 1,099,259 80.28% 1st Won [34][γ]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ（英语：Plurinational Electoral Organ） | Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

  1. ^ Poma's exact place of birth is unclear. One source cites Chojñapata,[1] while another names the nearby village of Chiñaja.[2] Both settlements form the namesake of the Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton.
  2. ^ After Ana María Flores（英语：Ana María Flores）; alongside Ana María Romero（英语：Ana María Romero）, who took office at the same time.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Presented on an electoral list（英语：electoral list）. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Nuevo Estado 2013，第19页.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 La Prensa 2011.
  3. ^ La Prensa 2011; Nuevo Estado 2013，第19页.
  4. ^ La Prensa 2011; Gonzales Salas 2013，第449页; Nuevo Estado 2013，第19页.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Gonzales Salas 2013，第449页.
  6. ^ Página Siete 2012; Gonzales Salas 2013，第449页.
  7. ^ La Prensa 2011; Gonzales Salas 2013，第449页.
  8. ^ Nuevo Estado 2013，第19页; Romero Ballivián 2018，第463页.
  9. ^ Página Siete 2012.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Romero Ballivián 2018，第463页.
  11. ^ Página Siete 2012; Nuevo Estado 2013，第19页.
  12. ^ Gonzales Salas 2013，第449–450页; Romero Ballivián 2018，第463页.
  13. ^ El Diario 2006，第1页; Romero Ballivián 2018，第90–91; 463页.
  14. ^ El Alto Digital 2009; Gonzales Salas 2013，第450页; Romero Ballivián 2018，第463页.
  15. ^ La Prensa 2009.
  16. ^ Romero Ballivián 2018，第233; 462–463; 518–519页.
  17. ^ La Patria 2010，第1页.
  18. ^ Fundación Periodismo 2022.
  19. ^ Los Tiempos 2011; La Razón 2012.
  20. ^ Opinión 2012.
  21. ^ El Día 2011.
  22. ^ La Palabra del Beni 2011，第16页; La Patria 2011，第1页.
  23. ^ Radio Pachamama 2014a; Radio Pachamama 2014b.
  24. ^ Noticias Fides 2014.
  25. ^ El Compadre 2015，第5页.
  26. ^ Prensa Senado 2010.
  27. ^ Opinión 2011，第5页.
  28. ^ Prensa Senado 2013.
  29. ^ Prensa Senado 2012.
  30. ^ Prensa Senado 2014.
  31. ^ El Diario 2010.
  32. ^ Atlas Electoral 2004.
  33. ^ Atlas Electoral 2006.
  34. ^ Atlas Electoral 2009.

Works cited

Online and list sources

Digital and print publications

Books and encyclopedias

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