达萨 (梵语)
达萨(梵语: दास dāsa),在印度古文集《梨俱吠陀》和考底利耶的《政事论》中,[1]意指雅利安人之敌。[2]这个词后来有其他含义,如“仆人”或“奴隶”或宗教意义上的“神仆”、“臣服于神的人”、“发愿起誓”或“奉献”,devadasa。
种族诠释
在《梨俱吠陀》中Dasa、Dasyu和类似的词语(比如Pani)有时与词语krsna或asikni(“黑色”)联合出现,这经常用作对吠陀经典做出种族诠释的基础。达萨人被描述成扁鼻、无鼻、黑皮肤,可被认为是印度原居民。
达萨的宗教
他们崇拜龙与阳具(林伽),梨俱吠陀有因陀罗用金刚打败他们的龙(弗栗多)的记载。他们后来成为婆罗门教的首陀罗。
后期吠陀用法
坦米尔语中,tontai、达萨、仆人或奴隶一般指得都是毗湿奴或黑天的敬虔奉献者。[3]
而在高迪亚毗湿奴派神学体系的叙述dāsa-bhūto harer eva nānyasvaiva kadācana中,bhuto(生灵)永远服务(dasa)于至尊主(Hari)。[4]因此,svayam bhagavan Krishna(黑天主神)的毗湿奴派信众指得就是Hari Dasa称号中的dasa。[5]
延伸阅读
- Bhagavan Shri Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird for the correct, nonracial meaning of the terms Dasyus and Asuras in their work "Divine Initiation"(ISBN 0-9582324-0-7)by Shri Kali Publications
- Ambedkar, B.R.(1946)Who were the Shudras?
- Aurobindo, Sri. 1971. The Secret of the Veda. Pondicherry: Shri Aurobindo Ashram.
- Bryant, Edwin: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9
- J. Bronkhorst and M.M. Deshpande. 1999. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Elst, Koenraad Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. 1999. ISBN 81-86471-77-4
- Frawley, David The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India, 1995. New Delhi: Voice of India; In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, Chapter 6
- Hock, Hans. 1999b, Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia.
- Iyengar, Srinivas. 1914. "Did the Dravidians of India Obtain Their Culture from Aran Immigrant [sic]." Anthropos 1-15.
- Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
- Parpola, Asko: 1988, The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dasas; The problem of the Aryans and the Soma.
- Rg Veda 1854-57. Rig-Veda Samhita. tr. H.H. Wilson. London: H.Allen and Co.
- Schetelich, Maria. 1990, "The problem ot the "Dark Skin"(Krsna Tvac)in the Rgveda." Visva Bharati Annals 3:244-249.
- Sethna, K.D. 1992. The Problem of Aryan Origins. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
- Talageri, Shrikant G. 2000. The Rig Veda - A historical analysis.
- Trautmann, Thomas R. 1997, Aryans and British India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Witzel, Michael. 1995b, 325, fn, "Rgvedic History" in The Indo-Aryans of South Asia.
- ^ R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra - a critical edition, Vol. 2 and 3, University of Bombay Studies, ISBN 978-8120800427
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
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的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Steven P. Hopkins. 妝點華美珠寶的飾品:獻給主神的愛情詩. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2007: 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.
- ^ Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C.(1972). The 薄伽梵歌如其所是, second edition. New York: Macmillan.
- ^ Talbot, Cynthia. 印度前殖民時期的實況:中世紀安得拉邦的社會、宗教和風貌. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.