畸形岩盘

畸形岩盘（英语：chonolith）是一种侵入火成岩。是由地下岩浆冷却结晶形成的火成岩体。由于岩浆侵入到岩层但未到达地球表面，所以被称为侵入火成岩^[1]。然而，有时部分岩体，经过构造作用被抬升，会暴露在地球表面，因此可以观察到这些岩石中的矿物。侵入火成岩是根据冷却后的结晶岩浆所表现的不同形状而命名的。例如，岩脉，岩床，岩盖等是具有特定形状的侵入火成岩。但具有不规则形状的侵入火成岩都被称为畸形岩盘^[2]。畸形岩盘一个独特特征是具有底板或基底，与其他类型的侵入火成岩不同^[2]。

形成

地球表面的岩石不断受到不同类型的力的影响，包括拉应力、压应力和剪应力。当岩石处于这种压力下时，它们会变形，呈现出不同类型的形状。例如，当构造板块被推到一起时，由于地壳的缩短和增厚，岩石会承受压缩应力，从而形成山脉。当构造板块受拉应力时，会被拉开导致岩层出现断层，从而形成裂谷^[3]。岩石在变形时，往往会在岩石圈留下空洞^[4]，岩浆就会从岩石圈下方升填充这些空洞^[4]。由于周围的岩石通常是绝缘体，因此这种岩浆会慢慢冷却。一旦它完全冷却并结晶后，就形成一个火成岩。由于岩浆的缓慢冷却，通常需要经过数万年。火成岩体可以通过岩石之间的空间被动注入，也可以迫使岩层分开并主动注入。然后根据岩体的形状和特征对其进行分类^[4]。

畸形岩盘实例

美国内华达州埃尔科县的 Spring Gulch 畸形岩盘由二云母花岗岩组成。钾含量高，斜长石含量低。估计年龄约为156.4±023万年^[5]。

西澳大利亚西马斯格雷夫地区辉长岩的尼波-巴别畸形岩盘主要由辉长石组成。为西澳大利亚西马斯格雷夫区块最大的硫化镍矿。该畸形岩盘，延伸约 5 公里^[6]。

俄罗斯诺里尔斯克的畸形岩盘覆盖西伯利亚大陆的玄武岩形成于二叠纪-三叠纪边界，当时是由一个超幔柱溢出的玄武岩侵入洋壳板块而成。这火成岩侵入持续了大约 2 到 4 百万年。畸形岩盘形成在玄武岩下方，大量的 Cu-Ni-PGE 硫化物。畸形岩盘长20公里^[7]。

台湾金瓜石更新世英安岩的畸形岩盘台湾金瓜石的畸形岩盘是在更新世。侵入了含饱和水的中新世沉积物。这个岩盘由英安岩组成。矿石是在变质的泥质化的英安岩中。该地区的铜金矿，来自畸形岩盘中的砷铜金矿^[8]。

美国内华达州卡林附近科尔特斯山脉的白垩纪畸形岩盘^[9]

美国科罗拉多州沙瓦诺附近的安山岩畸形岩盘^[10].

参考文献

^ "8.6: Igneous Rock Formation: Plutonic vs Volcanic". Geosciences LibreTexts. 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Lahee, Frederic H. (1961). Field Geology. McGraw-Hill Book Co. p. 143. ISBN 0070358087.
^ Geological Society - Deformation of Rocks". www.geolsoc.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-25
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Daly, Reginald A. (September 1905). "The Classification of Igneous Intrusive Bodies". The Journal of Geology. 13 (6): 485–508. doi:10.1086/621251. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072250244. ISSN 0022-1376.
^ Ketner, Keith Brindley; Day, Warren C.; Elrick, Maya; Vaag, Myra K.; Zimmerman, Robert A.; Snee, Lawrence W.; Saltus, Richard W.; Repetski, John E.; Wardlaw, Bruce R.; Taylor, Michael E.; Harris, Anita G. (1998). "An outline of tectonic, igneous, and metamorphic events in the Goshute-Toano Range between Silver Zone Pass and White Horse Pass, Elko County, Nevada; a history of superposed contractional and extensional deformation". Professional Paper. doi:10.3133/pp1593. hdl:2027/uc1.31210020799068. ISSN 2330-7102.
^ Seat, Zoran; Beresford, Stephen W.; Grguric, Benjamin A.; Waugh, Rob S.; Hronsky, Jon M. A.; Gee, M. A. Mary; Groves, David I.; Mathison, Charter I. (2007-07-19). "Architecture and emplacement of the Nebo–Babel gabbronorite-hosted magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposit, West Musgrave, Western Australia". Mineralium Deposita. 42 (6): 551–581. doi:10.1007/s00126-007-0123-9. ISSN 0026-4598.
^ Yakubchuk, Alexander; Nikishin, Anatoly (2004-03-01). "Noril?sk?Talnakh Cu?Ni?PGE deposits: a revised tectonic model". Mineralium Deposita. 39 (2): 125–142. doi:10.1007/s00126-003-0373-0. ISSN 0026-4598.
^ Folinsbee, R. E.; Kirkland, K.; Nekolaichuk, A.; Smejkal, V. (1972), "Chinkuashih—a Gold-Pyrite-Enargite-Barite Hydrothermal Deposit in Taiwan", Geological Society of America Memoirs, Geological Society of America, pp. 323–336, ISBN 0-8137-1135-5, retrieved 2021-02-26
^ Jr, Herman L. Bauer; Cooper, James J.; Breitrick, Richard A. (1960). "Porphyry Copper Deposits in the Robinson Mining District White Pine County, Nevada": 220–228.
^ Kantor, Tedral (1961-01-01). "Geology of the east-central portion of the Nelson quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada". Masters Theses.

[”8.6:”-1] "8.6: Igneous Rock Formation: Plutonic vs Volcanic". Geosciences LibreTexts. 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2021-02-25.

[”-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Lahee, Frederic H. (1961). Field Geology. McGraw-Hill Book Co. p. 143. ISBN 0070358087.

[”Geolo”-3] Geological Society - Deformation of Rocks". www.geolsoc.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-02-25

[”Daly,”-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Daly, Reginald A. (September 1905). "The Classification of Igneous Intrusive Bodies". The Journal of Geology. 13 (6): 485–508. doi:10.1086/621251. hdl:2027/hvd.32044072250244. ISSN 0022-1376.

[”Ketn”-5] Ketner, Keith Brindley; Day, Warren C.; Elrick, Maya; Vaag, Myra K.; Zimmerman, Robert A.; Snee, Lawrence W.; Saltus, Richard W.; Repetski, John E.; Wardlaw, Bruce R.; Taylor, Michael E.; Harris, Anita G. (1998). "An outline of tectonic, igneous, and metamorphic events in the Goshute-Toano Range between Silver Zone Pass and White Horse Pass, Elko County, Nevada; a history of superposed contractional and extensional deformation". Professional Paper. doi:10.3133/pp1593. hdl:2027/uc1.31210020799068. ISSN 2330-7102.

[”Seat”-6] Seat, Zoran; Beresford, Stephen W.; Grguric, Benjamin A.; Waugh, Rob S.; Hronsky, Jon M. A.; Gee, M. A. Mary; Groves, David I.; Mathison, Charter I. (2007-07-19). "Architecture and emplacement of the Nebo–Babel gabbronorite-hosted magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposit, West Musgrave, Western Australia". Mineralium Deposita. 42 (6): 551–581. doi:10.1007/s00126-007-0123-9. ISSN 0026-4598.

[”Yaku”-7] Yakubchuk, Alexander; Nikishin, Anatoly (2004-03-01). "Noril?sk?Talnakh Cu?Ni?PGE deposits: a revised tectonic model". Mineralium Deposita. 39 (2): 125–142. doi:10.1007/s00126-003-0373-0. ISSN 0026-4598.

[”Folin”-8] Folinsbee, R. E.; Kirkland, K.; Nekolaichuk, A.; Smejkal, V. (1972), "Chinkuashih—a Gold-Pyrite-Enargite-Barite Hydrothermal Deposit in Taiwan", Geological Society of America Memoirs, Geological Society of America, pp. 323–336, ISBN 0-8137-1135-5, retrieved 2021-02-26

[”Jr”-9] Jr, Herman L. Bauer; Cooper, James J.; Breitrick, Richard A. (1960). "Porphyry Copper Deposits in the Robinson Mining District White Pine County, Nevada": 220–228.

[”Kantor”-10] Kantor, Tedral (1961-01-01). "Geology of the east-central portion of the Nelson quadrangle, Clark County, Nevada". Masters Theses.

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