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月球坑观测和传感卫星

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维基百科，自由的百科全书
LCROSS
LCROSS和半人马座火箭航行艺术想象图
所属组织NASA/艾密斯研究中心（英语：Ames Research Center）
任务类型撞击式
发射时间2009-06-18 21:32:00 UTC
发射手段宇宙神5号 401
发射地点卡纳维拉尔角空军基地 41号航天发射复合体
任务时长2009年6月18日 – 2009年10月9日
航行时间: 15年5个月28日
COSPAR ID2009-031B
SATCAT no.35316在维基数据编辑
官方网站http://www.nasa.gov/LCROSS
质量LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft: 621 kg (1,369 lb) (min.); Centaur at impact: 2,249 kg (4,958 lb) (min.)[1]
轨道参数
参考坐标系地心
轨道类型高地球轨道
周期37 天

月球观测和传感卫星（Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite，简称LCROSS）是2009年6月18日美国国家航空暨太空总署（NASA）发射的一颗月球探测卫星。该任务被认为是确定在月球极地地区检测到的氢的性质的一种低成本手段。[2] 在月船1号 (Chandrayaan-1) 发现月球水（英语：Lunar water）后立即发射，[3] LCROSS 的主要任务目标是进一步探讨月球极地地区附近永久阴影陨石坑中是否有冰形式的水。[4] 成功确认月球南部卡比厄斯环形山有水。[5]

它于2009年6月18日与月球勘测轨道飞行器 (LRO) 一起发射，作为共享月球先锋机器人计划（Lunar Precursor Robotic Program）的一部分，这是十多年来美国首次登月任务。

LCROSS 的设计目的是收集和转发运载火箭的废半人马座火箭上级（以及数据收集的牧羊号飞船）撞击月球南极附近的卡比厄斯环形山陨石坑所产生的撞击和碎片羽流的数据。

半人马座火箭的标称冲击质量为2,305 公斤（5,081 磅），冲击速度约为9,000 km/h（5,600 mph）,[6][7] 释放的爆炸当量动能相当于引爆约2 千吨TNT（7.2 TJ ） 。

LCROSS 于 8 月 22 日发生故障，耗尽了一半的燃料，太空船中只剩下很少的燃料馀裕。[8]

半人马座火箭于世界标准时间2009年10月9日 11:31 成功撞击。 在撞击六分钟后于世界标准时间 11:37 ，牧羊号飞船下降穿过半人马座的喷射羽流，收集并转发数据。[9]

与当时的媒体报导相反，从地球上用肉眼或望远镜都看不到这次撞击及其尘埃云。

结果

视觉上的影响并不像预期的那么明显。 专案经理丹·安德鲁斯(Dan Andrews)认为，这是由于碰撞前的模拟夸大了羽流的突出程度。 这导致需要进行影像处理以提高清晰度。 红外线摄影机也捕捉了助推器撞击的热讯号。[10]

水的存在

2009年11月13日，NASA宣布，月球观测和传感卫星在2009年10月9日撞击月球的过程中，产生部份尘埃，科学家经过分析获得数据显示出水确切的存在于月球上。

2018年8月20日，美国太空总署确认月球两极表面有冰。[11]

影像

LCROSS绕月照片（2009年6月23日）[12]
  • One of the first images from the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) using the visible light camera during the swingby of the Moon. LCROSS has nine science instruments that collect different types of data which are complementary to each other.
    One of the first images from the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) using the visible light camera during the swingby of the Moon. LCROSS has nine science instruments that collect different types of data which are complementary to each other.
  • An infrared camera image of the Moon taken with the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mid-infrared camera. This is the first infrared image ever taken of the far side of the Moon.
    An infrared camera image of the Moon taken with the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mid-infrared camera. This is the first infrared image ever taken of the far side of the Moon.
  • Another visible light camera image of the Moon taken by the LCROSS spacecraft during lunar swingby
    Another visible light camera image of the Moon taken by the LCROSS spacecraft during lunar swingby
LCROSS 半人马座分离照片（撞击 -2009年10月9日，9小时40分钟）[13]
  • Near infrared image of the LCROSS Centaur separation as seen from the LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft
    Near infrared image of the LCROSS Centaur separation as seen from the LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft
  • Mid infrared (false color) image of the LCROSS Centaur separation (red->hot, blue->cold)
    Mid infrared (false color) image of the LCROSS Centaur separation (red->hot, blue->cold)
  • STK (Satellite Tool Kit) image of the LCROSS spacecraft after Centaur separation
    STK (Satellite Tool Kit) image of the LCROSS spacecraft after Centaur separation
半人马座/LCROSS 撞击照片（世界标准时间 2009 年 10 月 9 日 11:31）[14]
  • Image taken of the Centaur upper stage impact in the Cabeus crater near the south pole of the Moon. The images were taken by the LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft.
    Image taken of the Centaur upper stage impact in the Cabeus crater near the south pole of the Moon. The images were taken by the LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft.
  • Locations of the Diviner LCROSS impact swaths overlain on a grayscale daytime thermal map of the Moon’s south polar region. Diviner data were used to help select the final LCROSS impact site inside Cabeus Crater, which sampled an extremely cold region in permanent shadow that can serve as an effective cold trap for water ice and other frozen volatiles.
    Locations of the Diviner LCROSS impact swaths overlain on a grayscale daytime thermal map of the Moon’s south polar region. Diviner data were used to help select the final LCROSS impact site inside Cabeus Crater, which sampled an extremely cold region in permanent shadow that can serve as an effective cold trap for water ice and other frozen volatiles.
  • Preliminary, uncalibrated LRO/Diviner thermal maps of the Centaur/LCROSS impact site acquired two hours before the impact, and 90 seconds after the impact. The thermal signature of the impact was clearly detected in all four Diviner thermal mapping channels.
    Preliminary, uncalibrated LRO/Diviner thermal maps of the Centaur/LCROSS impact site acquired two hours before the impact, and 90 seconds after the impact. The thermal signature of the impact was clearly detected in all four Diviner thermal mapping channels.

参看

注释

  1. ^ LRO/LCROSS Press Kit v2 (PDF). NASA. [2009-08-04]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-10-27）. 
  2. ^ Tompkins, Paul D.; Hunt, Rusty; D'Ortenzio, Matt D.; Strong, James; Galal, Ken; Bresina, John L.; Foreman, Darin; Barber, Robert; Shirley, Mark; Munger, James; Drucker, Eric. Flight Operations for the LCROSS Lunar Impactor Mission (PDF). NASA (Ames Research Center). April 25, 2010 [September 27, 2011]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-02-23）. 
  3. ^ Indian lunar mission finds water on moon. TheGuardian.com. September 24, 2009. 
  4. ^ NASA - LCROSS: Mission Overview. Nasa.gov. [November 14, 2009]. （原始内容存档于May 5, 2010）. 
  5. ^ Dino, Jonas; Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite Team. LCROSS Impact Data Indicates Water on Moon. NASA. November 13, 2009 [November 14, 2009]. （原始内容存档于January 6, 2010）. 
  6. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Moonstar的参考文献提供内容
  7. ^ NASA's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater. NASA. September 29, 2009 [November 21, 2009]. （原始内容存档于October 28, 2009）. 
  8. ^ Stephen Clark. Managers mull options after moon mission malfunction. Spaceflight Now. August 25, 2009 [2024-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2024-08-05）. 
  9. ^ TheStar.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "NASA crashes rocket into moon".
  10. ^ Musser, George. LCROSS strikes Earth's moon as other moons continue to puzzle: Fourth dispatch from the annual planets meeting. Scientific American. October 9, 2009 [2024-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-19）. Shortly before the spacecraft itself hit, word came through that the infrared camera had indeed seen a thermal signature of the booster's crater. 
  11. ^ Ice Confirmed at the Moon's Poles. NASA/JPL. [August 21, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-03）. 
  12. ^ Visible light camera image during lunar swingby. NASA. June 23, 2009 [August 10, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-29）. 
  13. ^ LCROSS Centaur Separation. NASA. October 9, 2009 [October 13, 2009]. （原始内容存档于October 11, 2009）. 
  14. ^ Visible light camera image during lunar swingby. NASA. October 9, 2009 [October 13, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-01）. 

外部链接

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