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用户:Min968/List of emperors of the Ming dynasty by length of reign

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The Wanli Emperor, the longest-reigning emperor, reigned from 5 July 1572 until his death on 18 August 1620.[1][2]

The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and the Southern Ming (1644–1662).

The Ming dynasty was established in 1368 when Zhu Yuanzhang, a poor farmer, led a rebellion and overthrew the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. He declared himself the Hongwu Emperor, a remarkable social climb that had only been achieved once before in Chinese history, 1,569 years earlier by Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD).[3] The Zhu family ruled the Ming dynasty for 276 years until it was overthrown in 1644 and replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty.[4] Despite the fall of the Ming dynasty, there were surviving members of the Zhu family who could potentially claim the throne and establish the Southern Ming in southern China. This dynasty lasted until 1662, when the last emperor was executed by Qing dynasty troops.[5] It is worth noting that the emperors of the Southern Ming did not always succeed each other in chronological order, as multiple descendants claimed the title of emperor at the same time.

From Hongwu to Chongzhen, there were 16 emperors in the Ming dynasty. Among them, the longest reign was the 13th emperor, the Wanli Emperor, who ruled for 48 years and 44 days. His reign was also the longest of any Chinese emperor since the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC.[6] The shortest was his son's reign, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled for only one month in 1620.[1]

Ten longest-reigning Ming emperors

Rank Portrait Emperor[7] Age at accession Reign[8][9] Duration
From To Days Years, days
1 Wanli Emperor 8岁305天 5 July 1572 18 August 1620 17,577 48 years, 44 days
2 Jiajing Emperor 13岁253天 27 May 1521 23 January 1567 16,678 45 years, 238 days
3 Hongwu Emperor 39岁94天 23 January 1368 24 June 1398 11,111 30 years, 152 days
4 Chenghua Emperor 16岁76天 23 February 1464 9 September 1487 8,600 23 years, 198 days
5 Yongle Emperor 42岁76天 17 July 1402 12 August 1424 8,063 22 years, 27 days
6 Emperor Yingzong 7岁63天 31 January 1435
11 February 1457 		22 September 1449
23 February 1464 		5,349
2,569
Total: 7, 918 		14 years, 233 days
7 years, 13 days
21 years, 246 days
7 Hongzhi Emperor 17岁41天 9 September 1487 8 June 1505 6,483 17 years, 270 days
8 Chongzhen Emperor 16岁238天 2 October 1627 25 April 1644 6,051 16 years, 204 days
9 Zhengde Emperor 13岁225天 8 June 1505 20 April 1521 5,796 15 years, 313 days
10 Yongli Emperor 23岁53天 24 December 1646 1 June 1662 5,639 15 years, 159 days

Complete list of the Ming dynasty

Emperor[7] Reign[8][9] Duration
From To Days Years, days
Wanli Emperor 5 July 1572 18 August 1620 17,577 48 years, 44 days
Jiajing Emperor 27 May 1521 23 January 1567 16,678 45 years, 238 days
Hongwu Emperor 23 January 1368 24 June 1398 11,111 30 years, 152 days
Chenghua Emperor 23 February 1464 9 September 1487 8,600 23 years, 198 days
Yongle Emperor 17 July 1402 12 August 1424 8,063 22 years, 27 days
Emperor Yingzong 31 January 1435
11 February 1457 		22 September 1449
23 February 1464 		5,349
2,569
Total: 7, 918 		14 years, 233 days
7 years, 13 days
21 years, 246 days
Hongzhi Emperor 9 September 1487 8 June 1505 6,483 17 years, 270 days
Chongzhen Emperor 2 October 1627 25 April 1644 6,051 16 years, 204 days
Zhengde Emperor 8 June 1505 20 April 1521 5,796 15 years, 313 days
Xuande Emperor 29 May 1425 31 January 1435 3,535 9 years, 243 days
Jingtai Emperor 11 February 1457 23 February 1464 2,700 7 years, 141 days
Tianqi Emperor 26 September 1620 30 September 1627 2,561 7 years, 5 days
Longqing Emperor 23 January 1567 5 July 1572 1,991 5 years, 163 days
Hongxi Emperor 12 August 1424 29 May 1425 291 291 days
Taichang Emperor 28 August 1620 26 September 1620 30 30 days

Southern Ming

Emperors (complete list)

Emperor[7] Reign Duration
From To Days Years, days
Yongli Emperor 24 December 1646[10] 1 June 1662[11] 5,639 15 years, 159 days
Longwu Emperor 18 August 1645[12] 6 October 1646[13] 415 1 year, 49 days
Hongguang Emperor 19 June 1644[14] 15 June 1645[15] 331 331 days
Shaowu Emperor 11 December 1646[16] 20 January 1647[17] 70 70 days

Regents (complete list)

Name Reign Duration
From To Days Years, days
Zhu Yihai 7 September 1645[18] 29 March 1653[19] 2,761 7 years, 203 days
Zhu Changqing January or February 1648[20] November or December 1648[20] c. 330 c. 1 year
Zhu Youlang 16 November 1646[21] 24 December 1646[10] 39 39 days
Zhu Yujian 21 July 1645[12] 18 August 1645[12] 29 29 days
Zhu Hengjia 22 September 1645[22] 14 October 1645[23] 23 23 days
Zhu Yousong 7 June 1644[24] 19 June 1644[14] 13 13 days
Zhu Changfang 1 July 1645[25] 6 July 1645[26] 6 6 days

References

Citations

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Twitchett & Mote (1998)，第16页.
  2. ^ Melvin, Shelia. China's Reluctant Emperor. The New York Times. 7 September 2011 [3 December 2021]. ISSN 0362-4331. 
  3. ^ Hägerdal (2012)，第149–150页.
  4. ^ Fan (2016)，第97页.
  5. ^ Dennerline (1985)，第824–825页.
  6. ^ Zhu Yizhun - the Wanli Emperor. mingtombs.eu. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Twitchett & Mote (1988)，第xxiii页.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Goodrich & Fang (1976)，第xxi页.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Moule (1957)，第106–109页.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Gu (2011)，第291页.
  11. ^ Gu (2011)，第730页.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Gu (2011)，第185页.
  13. ^ Gu (2011)，第224页.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Gu (2011)，第39页.
  15. ^ Gu (2011)，第142页.
  16. ^ Gu (2011)，第290页.
  17. ^ Gu (2011)，第294页.
  18. ^ Gu (2011)，第189页.
  19. ^ Gu (2011)，第775页.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Qian (2016)，vol. 28.
  21. ^ Gu (2011)，第288页.
  22. ^ Gu (2011)，第198页.
  23. ^ Gu (2011)，第199页.
  24. ^ Gu (2011)，第38页.
  25. ^ Gu (2011)，第144页.
  26. ^ Gu (2011)，第146页.

Sources

  • Zhang, Tingyu. Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming]. 1739. 
  • Fan, C. Simon. Culture, Institution, and Development in China: The economics of national character 1st. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 9780367374648. 
  • Hägerdal, Hans. Kinas historia. Historiska Media. 2012. ISBN 978-91-87031-24-3 （Swedish）. 
  • Dennerline, Jerry P. The Southern Ming, 1644–1662. By Lynn A. Struve. The Journal of Asian Studies. 1985, 44 (4). JSTOR 2056469. S2CID 162510092. doi:10.2307/2056469. 
  • Goodrich, L. Carington; Fang, Chaoying. Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644. New York: Columbia University Press. 1976. ISBN 0-231-03801-1. 
  • Moule, Arthur Christopher. The rulers of China, 221 B.C.- A.D. 1949; chronological tables. New York: F. A. Praeger. 1957. 
  • Twitchett, Denis C; Mote, Frederick W. (编). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644, Part II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. ISBN 0521243335. 
  • Twitchett, Denis C; Mote, Frederick W. (编). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1988. ISBN 0521243327. 
  • Qian, Haiyue. Nan Ming Shi 南明史 [History of the Southern Ming]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book. 2016. ISBN 9787101044294 （Chinese）. 
  • Gu, Cheng. Nan Ming Shi 南明史 [History of Southern Ming]. Beijing: Guangming Daily Publishing House. 2011. ISBN 978-7-5112-1327-3 （Chinese）. 

Category:Lists of Chinese monarchs Category:Lists of monarchs by length of reign

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