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维基百科，自由的百科全书
Tesla Model S
概览
制造商特斯拉汽車
生产日期2012——至今
款式年份2013
装配地美国: 佛瑞蒙, 加利福尼亚州 (Tesla Factory（英语：Tesla Factory）)
设计师Franz von Holzhausen（英语：Franz von Holzhausen）
车身及底盘
车辆类别全尺寸
車體風格5-door 掀背车
动力布局後輪驅動后轮驱动
动力系统
电动机310 kW（416 bhp）, 600 N·m（443 ft·lb）, Three-phase 异步电动机
变速器1-speed fixed gear (9.73:1)
电动电池60 or 85 千瓦·時 锂离子电池[1]
电动里程
  • 85 kW·h
    265 mi（426 km）  (EPA)
    300 mi（480 km） (Tesla Motors)
    310 mi（500 km） (NEDC)
  • 60 kW·h
    208 mi（335 km） (EPA)
    230 mi（370 km） (Tesla Motors)
    233 mi（375 km） (NEDC)
充电桩
  • 11 kW 85-265 V onboard charger for 1ϕ 40A or 3ϕ 16A [2] on IEC Type 2 inlet[3]
  • Optional "Twin Charger" for 22 kW for 1ϕ 80A or 3ϕ 32A[2]
  • Optional Supercharger for 100 kW DC offboard charging, adapters for domestic AC sockets (110-240V)
规格
轴距2,959 mm（116.5英寸）
长度4,976 mm（195.9英寸）
宽度1,963 mm（77.3英寸）
高度1,435 mm（56.5英寸）
整备质量2,108公斤（4,647.3磅）

特斯拉S型（Tesla Model S）是一款由美国特斯拉汽車公司開發的全尺寸純電動四門掀背轎車。原型车在2009年的法兰克福车展上首次向公众展示，在2012年6月于美國开始零售交付使用[4]。2013年8月初特斯拉S型在欧洲发布，首批交货市场在挪威、瑞士和荷兰[5]。

特斯拉S型分为多种档次的型号，最高檔次型號內置85千瓦·時鋰離子電池组。经美國國家環境保護局（EPA）評定高性能型特斯拉S型单次充電可以行走265英里（426公里），超越同厂产品Tesla Roadster成为目前市面上续航距離最遠的純電動車[6][7][8]。EPA评定配备60kWh的S型单次充電可以行走208 mi（335 km）[9]。EPA的能源消费的额定功率为每公里237.5瓦时（38千瓦时/100英里），组合燃油经济性为每加仑汽油当量（英语：miles per gallon gasoline equivalent）89英里（2.64升/100公里）[6][10]。特斯拉还计划推出一款较小型40 KW·h电池型号，预计将提供160英里（260公里）的续航范围，专门针对低需求市场[11]。

基礎型的特斯拉S型可以巡航240公里，且由0加速到97km/h僅需5.6秒。[12]

Tesla allocated the first 1,000 sedans off the production line to a Signature and Signature Performance limited edition, equipped with the 85 kW·h battery pack, and priced in the U.S. at 95,400美元 and 105,400美元 respectively, before any applicable U.S. federal and local government tax credits and incentives（英语：Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United States）.[13][12] The base Model S starts at 69,900美元 with a 60 kW·h battery pack up to 79,900美元 with the 85 kW·h pack before any government subsidies.[6][13] Since its introduction, cumulative sales in North America reached 12,700 units through June 2013, with most units delivered in the U.S.[14] The Model S ranked as the top selling 充电式电动车辆 in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the 雪佛兰沃蓝达 (4,421) and the Nissan Leaf（英语：Nissan Leaf） (3,695).[15] The Model S was the top selling car in Norway in September 2013, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country during this month, and becoming the first electric car to top the sales ranking in any country.[16][17][18]

The Tesla Model S has won numerous awards and recognition such as the 2013 World Green Car of the Year, 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year（英语：Motor Trend Car of the Year）, 新聯合汽車製造公司's 2013 Car of the Year, Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award, Consumer Reports（英语：Consumer Reports）' top-scoring car ever, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 美国国家公路交通安全管理局 top ranked 5 star safety rating.

History

According to Consumer Reports, the Tesla Model S has a high score of 99.It's the premium electric sedan that intends to compete with cars such as the BMW 5系列. This model follows Tesla Motors' business plan to expand down-market from the high performance Tesla Roadster sports car. Model S was styled byFranz von Holzhausen（英语：Franz von Holzhausen）, who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations（英语：Mazda North American Operations）. The chassis, body, motor and energy storage systems are unique to Tesla Motors.[19]

在2009年法兰克福车展（Frankfurt Motor Show）展示的特斯拉S型原型车

The Tesla Model S was initially codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development.[20][21][22] The Model S was announced in a 新聞稿on June 30, 2008.[23][24] The prototype vehicle was displayed at a press conference on March 26, 2009.[25]

In February 2008 it was reported that Tesla Motors was planning to offer a range-extended（英语：Range-extended vehicle） version of its Model S. This version would have included a 汽油引擎 to extend the driving range of the vehicle,[26] but it was removed in later revisions. At the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Musk announced that Tesla was only developing all-electric cars and not hybrids.[27]

Construction of an assembly factory in 阿布奎基 (新墨西哥州) (a central location for shipping) was supposed to begin in April 2007, but was cancelled.[28] A factory to be built in 聖荷西 (加利福尼亞州) was also announced.[29][30][31] In May 2010 Tesla Motors announced it would produce the new lower-priced Model S at the former 新聯合汽車製造公司 assembly plant in Fremont, California,[32] now known as the Tesla Factory（英语：Tesla Factory）.

The Model S was featured on 晚间秀 in April 2009. Because the car uses no gasoline and does not produce any tailpipe emissions, it was allowed on the Late Show set and was the first fully functioning car on stage.[33]

Production

A Tesla Model S being manufactured at the Tesla Factory（英语：Tesla Factory）.

Tesla manufactures the Model S at the Tesla Factory（英语：Tesla Factory） in Fremont, California. For the European market, Tesla is assembling and distributing the Model S from its European Distribution Center in 蒂尔堡, the Netherlands.[34] Tesla chose Tilburg as its assembly and distribution center because of its good infrastructure for distribution purposes and its location near the port of 鹿特丹, where Models S and its components arrive from the U.S. The center occupies a 18,900 m2（203,000 sq ft） industrial building which also serves as a workshop and spare parts warehouse. The Model S cars are built and tested in Fremont, California, and then, the battery pack, the electric motor and parts disassembled and shipped separately to Tilburg, where the cars are assembled back.[35]

The Model S was officially launched at the Fremont factory on June 22, 2012. Ten customers received their cars at the event, and Tesla reaffirmed their goal to build 5,000 cars in 2012. After the first four weeks of production, Tesla announced it had manufactured their 100th production Model S, of which 74 were for customers. The other 26 were being used for test drives, displays, testing, and training.[36]

On September 13, 2012 in an interview Musk indicated the production rate was up to 80 cars per week,[37] and by November 5, Tesla announced it had reached a production rate of over 200 cars per week.[38] By the end of 2012 Tesla revised their deliveries down to 2,500 cars, with 20,000 planned for 2013.[39] By December 2012, Tesla reported that production had reached 400 units per week or 20,000 per year.[40][41] In March 2013 Tesla reported they produced on average more than 500 Model S EVs per week.[42]

Specifications

Model S chassis, on display at Santana Row（英语：Santana Row） in 聖荷西 (加利福尼亞州)

Powertrain

thumb The 2012 Tesla Model S Performance model has a 416 hp（310 kW） and 443 ft·lb（600 N·m） rear-mounted 电动机. The base model uses a 362 hp（270 kW） and 325 ft·lb（440 N·m） motor. According to Tesla Motors the electric car has a drag coefficient ofTemplate:Cd,[43] the lowest of any car in the market, except some models of the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class released following the Model S.[1][44] Under its five-cycle testing, the 美国国家环境保护局 rated the 85 千瓦·時 Model S model with a combined fuel economy equivalent of 89 MPGe (2.64 L/100 km), with an equivalent 88 mi/US gal（2.7 L/100 km；106 mi/imp gal） in city driving and 90 mi/US gal（2.6 L/100 km；110 mi/imp gal） on highways.[6]

The following table shows the EPA's official ratings for fuel economy in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent（英语：miles per gallon gasoline equivalent） (MPGe) and EPA's estimated out-of-pocket fuel costs for the two versions of the Model S rated by December 2012 as displayed in the Monroney label（英语：Monroney label）.

2012-13 Tesla Model S fuel economy and operating costs
Model Model
year		 EPA rated
Combined
fuel economy		 EPA rated
City
fuel economy		 EPA rated
Highway
fuel economy		 Cost to drive
25 miles		 Annual
Fuel Cost(1)
(15,000 mi)
Tesla Model S
(60 kWh battery)[45]		 2013 95 MPGe
(35 kWh/100 mi)		 94 MPGe 97 MPGe $1.05 $650
Tesla Model S
(85 kWh battery)[46]		 2012–13 89 MPGe
(38 kWh/100 mi)		 88 MPGe
(38 kWh/100 mi)		 90 MPGe
(37 kWh/100 mi)		 $1.14 $700
Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. Values rounded to the nearest 50美元. Electricity cost of 0.12美元/kWh, as of November 30, 2012). 1 gal. gasoline = 33.7 kWh.

The Model S Signature model with a 85 kWh pack rated by EPA has a top speed of 125 mph（201 km/h） and accelerates from0至60英里每小時（0至97 km/h） in 5.6 seconds.[6] The Model S Signature Performance model has a top speed of130 mph（210 km/h） and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 4.2 seconds, while the base 60 kW·h battery model has a top speed of120 mph（190 km/h） and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 5.9 seconds.[47]

Battery

The Model S is offered with two battery packs: a base model with a 60 kW·h battery expected to deliver 230英里（370公里） and a 85 kW·h battery expected to deliver, according to Consumer Reports, 320英里（510公里）. These are Tesla Motors estimated ranges at a speed of 55 mph（89 km/h）.[47] The EPA official range（英语：all-electric range） for the 60 kW·h battery pack model is208 mi（335 km）.[9] The official range for the model with the 85 kW·h battery is 265英里（426 km）.[6][48]

Tesla Model S showing the front trunk where the engine would be in a typical car. Tesla Motors calls this a 'frunk'.[49]

In December 2012, Tesla released a software update that among other improvements, features new energy-saving "sleep" functionality. The software allows Model S owners to choose between keeping the displays and vehicle electronics instantly available each time you turn on the car, or powering off the display and vehicle electronics each time you exit through a "sleep" state. The latter implies a modest increase in the time it takes the touchscreen and instrument panel to wake from this energy-saving state. Using the sleep mode can increase the Model S range up to 8 mi（13 km） per day.[50]

The 锂离子电池 consists of more than 7,000 battery cells for the 85 kW·h pack.[51] The battery pack, 截至2012年6月 (2012-06), used Panasonic cells with nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathodes.[1] The battery pack location underneath the cabin floor provides the Model S with a very low center of gravity.[52]

The Model S battery is guaranteed by Tesla Motors for eight years or 125,000 mi（201,000 km） for the base model with the 60 kW·h battery pack. All models with the 85 kW·h battery pack are guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles.[53]

A battery replacement option may be purchased for a cost of 10,000美元 for the 60 kWh battery and 12,000美元 for the 85 kWh battery and will provide a replacement battery anytime after the 8th year of operation of the original battery.[54]

In 2013, Tesla canceled a 40 kW·h version of the car due to lack of demand, stating that only 4% of pre-orders were for the 40 kWh battery option. The customers who ordered this option have instead received the 60 kWh pack, but range is software limited to 40 kWh (142 miles of rated range). It will still have the improved acceleration and top speed of the bigger pack, so will be a better product than originally ordered, and can be upgraded to the range of the 60 kWh upon request by the original or a future owner for 11,000美元.[55]

Charging

thumb The charger for the Tesla Model S, unlike the Tesla Roadster, is integral to the vehicle, providing 10 kW 110/240-volt charging standard. An optional 1,500美元 upgrade will support 20 kW charging from a 100 Amp wall-mounted charger (High Power Wall Connector).[1] Instead of a power port that opens like a gasoline cap, like other electric cars in the market, the Model S charge port is hidden behind the left rear taillight. The port is circled in 發光二極管 lights that indicate how much the battery is charged by how rapidly the lights blink.[52]Tesla uses a proprietary 电子连接器 or socket that is smaller than the SAE J1772 North American standard, but adapters are provided for 110 and 240 volt outlets, and for public charging stations (J1772 spec adapter). Additional adapters are available for purchase. The carmaker has deployed several90 kW 250 amp, 400 V[56] Tesla Supercharger units between key cities to allow fast charging on road trips with plans to build more.[57] A Supercharger can add 150英里（240公里） of range in 30 minutes and a full charge in approximately one hour with an85 kWh battery.[1][58] In 2013 Tesla made Supercharging free of charge for all 85 kWh Tesla Model S's and as an extra cost option for 60 kWh models.

Charging times vary depending on the battery pack's state-of-charge, its overall capacity, the available voltage, and the available circuit breaker amp rating (current). From a 110 V/12 A outlet, the range can be restored by 5英里（8公里） for every hour of charging. From a 10 kW,NEMA 14-50 240 V/40 A outlet (like those used by 露營車), the range can be restored by 31英里（50公里） for every hour of charging. Using Tesla's 20 kW, 240 V High Power Wall Connector, the range can be restored by 62英里（100公里） for every hour of charging if the car is configured with twin chargers (20 kW). The roadside Tesla Superchargers can charge about half the battery in 30 minutes, providing up to150英里（240公里） worth of range into the models configured with the 85 千瓦·時 battery packs.[58] Supercharging hardware is included in all models with the 85 kW·h battery pack, including both Signature limited edition models, the Performance model, and the base model with 85 kW·h). Supercharging hardware is also available in the base model with the 60 kW·h battery as an extra option that can be enabled at any point since the hardware will be present in all vehicles and will only require a software change.[53][58][59]

Instrument Panel and Touchscreen

Production dashboard with main dashboard digital display (left) and central 17-英寸（430-毫米）觸控式螢幕 control panel (right)

The primary Instrumental Panel is a 12.3英寸（31 cm） LCD display which indicates speed, power usage, charge level, estimated range and active gear. The gearbox can be set to Drive, Neutral, Reverse and Park. The vehicle does not have a transmission, only a single speed fixed gear with a 9.73:1 reduction ratio.

The secondary infotainment control touchscreen is a 17英寸（43 cm） multi-touch panel divided into 4 areas. A top line displays status symbols and provides shortcuts to Charging, HomeLink（英语：HomeLink）, Driver Profiles, vehicle information (software version and the VIN), and 藍牙. The second line provides access to several Apps including Media, Nav (driven by Google地图), Energy, Web, Camera, and Phone. The central main viewing area changes depending on the app chosen and typically displays two apps at a time, divided into an upper and lower area, although most apps can be expanded to take up the entire main viewing area. The bottom area provides access to Controls (which allows you to access various controls and settings for the vehicle (such as doors, locks, lights, etc.) as well as Climate controls and a secondary volume control for the passenger (primary media volume is provided for the driver in the steering wheel).

Both the instrument cluster and the center infotainment panel are driven by their own separate 英伟达 NVIDIA Tegra 3D Visual Computing Module (VCM).[60] Tesla was the first company to ship this technology although 奥迪 has announced is also using this technology in the 2013 model year in Europe and expects to bring it to North America in 2014.[61] The Tegra system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrates eight specialized processors, including a multi-core ARM CPU, a GPU, and dedicated audio, video, and image processors. Nvidia claims it consumes 50 times less energy than the typical CPU.[62]

The Tegra VCM's can be rebooted individually through the steering wheel. Holding both the left and right upper control buttons on the steering wheel down concurrently for 15 seconds reboots the instrument cluster. Holding both the left and right scroll/click wheels down concurrently for 15 seconds reboots the center information panel.

Options

The following table lists the main features of the different models offered:

Standard Performance
60 kW·h 85 kW·h
Range 230 mi (370 km)
(Tesla Motors)
208 mi (335 km)
(EPA)		 300 mi (480 km)
(Tesla Motors)
265 mi (426 km)
(EPA)
Max. power 225 kW (302 hp)
@ 5000-8000 rpm		 270 kW (362 hp)
@ 6000-9500 rpm		 310 kW (416 hp)
@ 5000-8600 rpm
Max. torque 317 lb·ft (430 N·m)
@ 0-5000 rpm		 325 lb·ft (440 N·m)
@ 0-5800 rpm		 443 lb·ft (600 N·m)
@ 0-5100 rpm
0-60 mph
(0–97 km/h) 		5.9 sec 5.4 sec 4.2 sec
Top speed 120 mph/193 km/h 125 mph/200 km/h 130 mph/210 km/h
Supercharging Optional1 (2,000美元) Included
Note: 1 After purchase, Supercharging can be enabled via a software update for 2,500美元.

thumb All versions of the Model S seat five passengers, and there is an optional folding third row for 1,500美元 that becomes a rear-facing two-place child seat. The option includes strengthening of the rear bumper to safety levels necessary for passengers. Each seat has a racing-style five-point harness and must only be used for children over 37英寸（0.94米） tall and weighing between 35至77磅（16至35公斤）. When the seats are in use the Model S still has luggage space available under the front hood (which Tesla called a "frunk," which is a combination of "front" and "trunk.") The optional third row makes the Model S the electric car with the greatest passenger capacity.[63]

Supercharger network

主条目：Tesla station

In 2012, Tesla Motors began building a network of 480-volt fast charging Supercharger stations（英语：Charging station#Charging time） in order to facilitate the Model S sedans to make long distance trips. In June 2013 Tesla announced that all existing stations in the supercharger network, and all new stations, would becomeTesla station（英语：Tesla station）s, and have facilities to support under-two-minute battery pack swaps for the Tesla Model S, and for all future Tesla models.

Tesla Model S charging at the Supercharger network station in 特拉华州.

The initial network is planned to be available in high traffic corridors across North America. The company also plans to deploy Supercharger networks in Europe and Asia in the second half of 2013. The first Supercharger corridor in the U.S. opened with free access for its Model S owners in October 2012. This corridor includes six stations placed along routes connecting 旧金山, 太浩湖, 洛杉矶 and 拉斯维加斯.[64][65] A second corridor was opened in December 2012 along the 波士頓-華盛頓城市帶, connecting 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区, 纽约, and 波士顿; it includes three stations located in highway rest areas in 特拉华州 and康乃狄克州.[66] 截至2013年8月 (2013-08) there were 19 stations operating in the United States.[67] The first set Supercharger stations in Europe opened to the public in Norway in August 2013.[68]

The Supercharger is a proprietary DC rapid-charging station that provides almost 100 kW of power, giving the 85 kWh version of the Model S an additional150 mi（240 km） of range in about 30 minutes (note that the Supercharger will not charge the battery fully in 1 hour due to limitations in lithium ion battery technology). The electricity used by the Supercharger in the West Coast corridor comes from a solar carport（英语：carport） system provided bySolarCity, and eventually, all of the Supercharger stations will be supplied by solar power. The Tesla Supercharger network is exclusive to appropriately equipped Model S sedans, which are engineered to accept Tesla's specific form of rapid electricity transfer. Supercharging hardware is standard on Model S vehicles equipped with an 85 kWh battery and optional on Model S vehicles equipped with a 60 kWh battery. The Tesla Roadster is not equipped to charge from the Superchargers, but according to the automaker, all future Tesla models will be able to supercharge.[64][65][66] According to Elon Musk, "...we expect all of the United States to be covered by the end of next year [2013]" and he also said that Tesla owners' use of the network would be free forever.[69]

Battery swapping

Panoramic view of Tesla Supercharger rapid charging station in Tejon Ranch, California（英语：Tejon, California）.

Tesla designed its Model S to allow fast battery swapping, and this feature has facilitated the assembling process.[70] In June 2013, Tesla announced their goal to deploy a battery swapping（英语：battery swapping） station in each of its Supercharging stations. At a demonstration event Tesla showed that a battery swap operation with the Model S takes just over 90 seconds, about half the time it takes to refill a gasoline-powered car used for comparison purposes during the event.[71][72]

The first stations are planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California（英语：Interstate 5 in California） where, according to Tesla, a large number of Model S sedans make the San Francisco-Los Angeles trip regularly. These will be followed by the 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区 to 波士顿 corridor. Each swapping station will cost 500,000美元 and will have about 50 batteries available without requiring reservations. The service would be offered for the price of about 15美制加侖（57公升；12英制加侖） of gasoline at the current local rate, around 60美元 to 80美元 at June 2013 prices. Owners can pick up their battery pack fully charged on the return trip, which is included in the swap fee. Tesla will also offer the option to keep the pack received on the swap and paying the price difference if the battery received is newer; or to receive the original pack back from Tesla for a transport fee. Pricing has not been determined.[71]

Vehicle warranty and maintenance

The Model S is covered by a standard 4-year, 50,000 mi（80,000 km） limited warranty,[73] which includes all standard equipment, the transmission and the complete powertrain (excluding tires).[74] The warranty can optionally be extended an additional 4 years or 50,000英里（80,000公里） beyond the original terms for4,000美元.[74] Warranty coverage includes a complementary loaner car—a fully loaded Tesla Model S Performance 85 or Tesla Roadster—when service is required.[75] In April, 2013, Tesla announced that a previously-mandatory 600美元 annual vehicle inspection and maintenance fee would be made optional, and would not be required to maintain warranty coverage.[75] If elected, the fee covers a complete inspection, tire alignment, new brake pads, hardware upgrades, and miscellaneous other maintenance items as needed.

The battery is covered for eight years or 125,000 mi（201,000 km） for the 60 kW·h base model, or eight years and unlimited miles for all 85 kW·h models.[53] The unconditional battery warranty is very broad and covers everything except deliberate damage, even including cases of user error.[76]

Sales and markets

Tesla Motors reported 520 reservations for the Model S during the first week after the carmaker began accepting deposits online and at showrooms in California on March 26, 2009.[77] The very first Model S was reserved for Tesla investor Steve Jurvetson（英语：Steve Jurvetson）. Tesla required a 5,000美元 deposit for a regular Model S and a 40,000美元 deposit for the Signature Series Model S.[78] By mid December 2010, Tesla announced that the reservation count had passed 3,000,[79] 6,500 by November 2011,[80] and 13,200 by September 2012.[81][82] 截至2012年12月31日 (2012-12-31), there were over 15,000 net reservations after deliveries and cancellations are accounted for.[83]

Model S first retail deliveries ceremony at the Tesla Factory（英语：Tesla Factory） in 費利蒙 (加利福尼亞州), held on June 22, 2012.

The special edition Model S Signature model was sold out even before deliveries began in June 2012, and according to Tesla Motors the electric sedan is sold out through 2012. A car ordered in May 2012 would be delivered in early to mid-2013.[84][85] Tesla Motors initially expected to sell at least 5,000 units in 2012 and set a sales target of 20,000 units for 2013.[81][86] In April 2013, Tesla increased its 2013 sales target to 21,000 units.[15] Tesla expects global sales of 30,000 units in 2014, with 15,000 units in the United States, 10,000 units in Europe and 5,000 in Asia.[87]

By August 2012 the carmaker was manufacturing 3 to 4 cars a day[36] and production capacity was ramped up to 200 units a week by early November 2012.[88][89] The target production rate of 400 cars per week or 20,000 per year was achieved in December 2012, and more than 3,100 vehicles were produced during 2012.[90] A total of 2,650 cars were delivered to retail customers in North America during 2012, 4,900 during the first quarter of 2013, and 5,150 during the second quarter of 2013.[14][15][40] During the second quarter of 2013 the production rate improved from 400 to almost 500 vehicles per week. Deliveries in Europe began in early August 2013, and the first deliveries took place in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[5]

Deliveries of the model with 60 kW·h battery pack were initially slated for November and December 2012 respectively. In December 2012, Tesla announced that production of the 60 kW·h battery model was rescheduled to begin in January 2013, with deliveries in the United States beginning by January-early February 2013.[91]

North America

Canada

A total of 100 Model S were delivered in Canada during 2012,[92] and an additional 342 units during the first six months of 2013.[93]

United States

thumb The first delivery took place on June 1, 2012, to the first person to place an order, Tesla investor Steve Jurvetson.[94] Deliveries for retail customers in the United States started on June 22, at a special event held at the Tesla Factory（英语：Tesla Factory） in 費利蒙 (加利福尼亞州).[4] By September 2012, 359 units had been produced with 253 of those delivered to retail customers.[89] A total of about 2,650 units were sold during 2012.[83] In March 2013, Tesla reported the delivery of the 3,000th Model S in California, representing around 50% of Model S sales in the U.S. to that date.[95][96] During the first quarter of 2013 the Model S ranked as the top selling 充电式电动车辆 in the U.S. with about 4,900 units delivered, followed by the 雪佛兰沃蓝达 with 4,244 units.[15][97][98] Cumulative sales reached 12,700 units through June 2013, including units delivered in Canada.[14]

The first 1,000 production units correspond to the Signature and Signature Performance limited edition equipped with a 85 kW·h battery pack. The Model S Signature model starts at 95,400美元 and the Signature Performance at 105,400美元.[13] The base Model S with the 40 kW·h battery pack, before being cancelled, was priced starting at 57,400美元, the model with the 60 kW·h pack increases 10,000美元 and the base model with the 85 kW·h pack increases another 10,000美元. These prices are before any applicable U.S. federal and local government tax credits and incentives（英语：Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#United States）.[53]

On November 29, 2012, Tesla announced an all model price increase of 2,500美元 for new reservations, starting January 1, 2013. The company also released pricing for a replacement battery pack pre-paid option. The price of a 60 kWh pack is 10,000美元 and the 85 kWh pack costs 12,000美元.[99]

It is illegal to sell the Tesla Model S in 德克萨斯州 because the state bans carmakers from selling directly to customers. As of August 2013, similar legislation was pending in 北卡罗来纳州, 科羅拉多州, and 弗吉尼亚州.[100]

Europe

The first European deliveries took place at Tesla's store in 奥斯陆 in August 2013.

Retail deliveries began in Europe in early August 2013, and the first deliveries took place in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[5] 截至2013年9月30日 (2013-09-30), almost 1,300 units have been delivered, and the Model S ranked as the second best selling plug-in electric car in Europe during September 2013 after the Nissan Leaf.[101] The right-hand-drive model destined for the UK and Asia is scheduled to be released at the end of 2013.[83][102][103]

American and European standard equipment and options packages are the same. In most countries where the Model S is sold base prices for the 60 kWh start at€72,600 (around 95,800美元), and €83,150 (about 109,700美元) for the 85 kWh battery car. The 85 kWh Performance, Signature, and Signature Performance trim levels are listed at €97,550 (around 128,700美元), €101,400 (about 133,800美元), and €110,950 (around146,400美元) respectively. European prices are higher compared to U.S. prices. Tesla explained that exchange rates, the 增值税 (VAT), plus a slight price increase to account for transport costs, import duties and other costs relevant to individual European countries explains the large price difference between European and U.S. pricing. Tesla also offered a deduction of €1,700 (around 2,250美元) to buyers who already hold a Model S reservation in Europe, or planned to do so by the end of December 2012. Buyers needed to finalize their order within four weeks of receiving their "Invitation to Configure" from Tesla.[104][105]

Denmark

A total of 43 units have registered in the country since August 2013. During its first full month in the Danish market, the Model S was the top selling electric vehicle with 42 units sold.[106][107]

France

Model S deliveries to retail customers started on September 23, 2013. A total of 12 units were delivered during September 2013.[108][109]

Germany

In October 2013 Tesla announced that Model S customers in Germany would be offered a free optional high speed tuning to optimize the Model S for driving on the德國高速公路. In addition, the company announced that by November 2013 the first Supercharger stations will open in the corridors between Munich and Stuttgart, Munich and Zurich, Switzerland, and Cologne and Frankfurt. Tesla Motors plans to cover more than 50% of Germany by the end of March 2014, and 100% by the end of 2014, making Germany the country with the most Superchargers per capita in the world. Also, all Supercharger stations deployed in Germany will be power upgraded to 135 瓦特 to deliver faster charging for long distance travel.[110] Cumulative registrations in the country totaled 98 units through September 2013.[111]

Netherlands

The first deliveries in the country occurred on August 22, 2013, at Tesla's European Distribution Center in 蒂尔堡.[35] 截至2013年9月30日 (2013-09-30), a total of 177 Model S cars have been registered in the Netherlands since July 2013.[112][113] Of these, 170 were delivered in September 2013, the first full month the electric car was available for retail customers in the country.[113]

Norway

The first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place in 奥斯陆 on 7 August 2013.[114] Tesla expects to deliver almost 800 Model S units during 2013 based on current orders.[5] By the end of August 2013, six Supercharger stations were opened, the first in Europe, with a total capacity of 46 charging spots. The stations are located in 靈達爾, 艾于蘭, 杜姆奥斯, Gol, Sundebru（英语：Sundebru）, and利勒哈默尔, providing coverage to the most commonly used Norwegian roads and highways.[68]

截至2013年7月31日 (2013-07-31), a total of 7 Model S new units and one used import had been registered in Norway.[115][116] During its first month in the Norwegian market, a total of 186 units were delivered to retail customers, allowing the Model S to rank as the second most sold electric car in August 2013 behind the Nissan Leaf (448 units).[117] Model S sales together with record Leaf sales, allowed the electric car segment in Norway to reach its best monthly sales ever and a record 6.0% market share of new passenger car sales in August 2013, up from 3.6% in August 2012.[117][118]

Sales surged in September 2013, with a total of 616 units delivered, making the Tesla Model S the top selling car in Norway during this month, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country during this month, and contributed to a record 8.6% market share for all-electric car sales during September.[16][17][18] According to a spokesman from the Norwegian Road Federation (OFV), the peak in Model S registrations "may be a short-lived phenomenon, caused by the grouping together of deliveries made over several months."[119] According to 路透社, the demand for the Model S is so high that there is a five-month waiting list, and as a result of the shortage, a used market has appeared. Some Norwegians are willing to pay as much as 10,000美元 to 20,000美元 premium to buy a used Model S from existing owners.[120][121] Model S sales dropped to 98 units in October.[122] 截至2013年10月 (2013-10), a total of 907 new Model S cars and one used import have been registered in Norway.[16][117][122][115][116]

Switzerland

Retail deliveries began in August 2013,[5] and a total of 111 units have registered in the country since July 2013.[123]

安全性

NHTSA ratings

2013年款特斯拉S型NHTSA[124]
Overall: 5/5颗星
Frontal Driver: 5/5颗星
Frontal Passenger: 5/5颗星
Side Driver: 5/5颗星
Side Passenger: 5/5颗星
Side Pole Driver: 5/5颗星
Rollover: 5/5颗星 / 5.7%


Crash and fire

参见：Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents

A Tesla Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in 肯特 (华盛顿州) state on October 1, 2013.[125] According to the driver, he hit something while traveling in the 高乘載車道 of Washington State Route 167（英语：Washington State Route 167）, and exited because the car was running poorly, and flames began coming out of the front of the car at the end of the off-ramp. The fire was caught on video by a witness and posted on several 網站.[125][126] According to the Kent Fire Department incident report, initial attempts to extinguish the fire with water were unsuccessful, as the fire reignited underneath the vehicle after appearing to be extinguished. Then, the firefighters used a jack to turn the car on its side, and cut a hole to apply water directly to the burning battery.[127] 特斯拉汽車 confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and it was caused by the "direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 modules within the Model S battery pack." The company spokeswoman said that, "Because each module within the battery pack is, by design, isolated by fire barriers to limit any potential damage, the fire in the battery pack was contained to a small section in the front of the vehicle."[125] Tesla also explained that the car owner "was able to exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system, bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury."[128]

Tesla's 首席执行官 伊隆·马斯克 issued an official statement on October 4, 2013. The statement explained that the culprit appears to be a curved section that fell off a semi-trailer（英语：semi-trailer） which was recovered from the roadway near where the accident occurred. "The geometry of the object caused a powerful lever action as it went under the car, punching upward and impaling the Model S with a peak force on the order of 25 tons. Only a force of this magnitude would be strong enough to punch a 3 inch diameter hole through the quarter inch armor plate protecting the base of the vehicle." After the driver exited the car, "a fire caused by the impact began in the front battery module – the battery pack has a total of 16 modules – but was contained to the front section of the car by internal firewalls within the pack. Vents built into the battery pack directed the flames down towards the road and away from the vehicle" and the statement noted that "at no point did fire enter the passenger compartment." According to Tesla, the firefighters observed standard procedure, and gained access to the source of the fire by puncturing holes in the top of the battery's protective metal plate and applying water. However, the company noted that it was not correct to puncture the metal firewall, "as the newly created holes allowed the flames to then vent upwards into the front trunk section of the Model S. Nonetheless, a combination of water followed by dry chemical extinguisher quickly brought the fire to an end."[128]

Musk closed the official statement explaining that the result of this accident could have been "far worse" had a conventional gasoline-powered car encountered the same object on the highway, because the "typical gasoline car only has a thin metal sheet protecting the underbody, leaving it vulnerable to destruction of the fuel supply lines or fuel tank, which causes a pool of gasoline to form and often burn the entire car to the ground." He also noted that Tesla's battery pack "is only about 10% of the energy contained in a gasoline tank and is divided into 16 modules with firewalls in between. As a consequence, the effective combustion potential is only about 1% that of the fuel in a comparable gasoline sedan." And based on U.S. statistics from the 美国消防协会, he claimed that a driver is "5 times more likely to experience a fire in a conventional gasoline car than a Tesla.[128]

The U.S. 美国国家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) was not able to send investigators to the scene of the incident due to the U.S federal government shutdown.[127] After the agency reopened, the NHTSA began gathering data of the incident.[129] On 24 October 2013, the agency announced it will not open a formal investigation into the Model S fire incident. The announcement said that "After reviewing all available data, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not found evidence at this time that would indicate the recent battery fire involving a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards. The agency continually reviews incoming and prior consumer vehicle complaints, as well as other data to identify potential vehicle defect trends and takes appropriate action as necessary."[130]

Recognition

  • Green Car Reports' Best Car To Buy 2013[138]
  • 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Car of the Year[139]
  • Consumer Reports（英语：Consumer Reports） rated the Model S with a score of 99 out of 100, becoming the magazine's best car ever tested. The score would have been higher but for the fact that the all-electric car does need to stop and recharge during extremely long-distance drives. "If it could recharge in any gas station in three minutes, this car would score about 110," said Jake Fisher, head of auto testing for Consumer Reports. Fisher called the car's performance in the magazine's performance tests "off the charts."[141][142]

Controversies

The New York Times article

On 8 February 2013, the 纽约时报 published a review, written by John M. Broder, about the real possibility of a Tesla Model S making a trip between Washington, D.C. and Boston using Tesla's Supercharger network, which only has two stations in the East Coast. In this review Broder made a variety of negative claims about the limitations of batteries during cold weather, and the separation between Tesla's charging stations, that resulted in finishing the trip with the Model S carried by a flatbed truck（英语：flatbed truck） to the Milford station in Connecticut.[143]

Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk responded in a blog on Tesla's website, publishing logs of the charge levels and driving speed that contradicted Broder's account on several factual details.[144] Musk implied that Broder's behaviour in charging and driving the car forced the car to fail. Broder replied to Musk's criticism in a blog post and suggested that the speed discrepancies, pointed out by Musk, may have been caused by car being delivered with 19 inch wheels rather than the specified 21 inch wheels（英语：Wheel_sizing#Wheel_size）.[145] In the middle of the controversy, a reporter from CNN recreated Broder's trip, and he was able to make it with battery capacity still left. However, there were two key differences with CNN's test from the one from the New York Times. The weather was about10 °F（6 °C） warmer, and the reporter did the trip in one day; the reviewer from the Times split it into two, letting the car sit overnight without being plugged in.[146] A reporter from CNBC also recreated the trip in one day without incidents.[147] One week later, a group of Tesla owners recreated Broder's trip without problems. Only one car was delayed because his car stopped charging and wouldn't fill up, and had to wait an hour for two special 韌體 updates.[148][149]

On February 18, 2013, New York Times Public Editor（英语：Public Editor） Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that Broder took "casual and imprecise notes" of his test drive and did not use good judgment, but she maintained that the article was done in good faith. She also noted that vehicle data logs reproduced by Musk on Tesla's website were "sometimes quite misleading."[150][151] On February 22 the New York Times published a comprehensive chronology of the controversy including diverse points of view, in favor of and against Broder's review.[152]

NHTSA safest car

On August 19, 2013, and based on the U.S. 美国国家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) safety ratings for the Model S, Tesla Motors published a press release claiming that the Model S achieved the best safety rating of any car ever tested. Tesla argued that "NHTSA does not publish a star rating above 5, however safety levels better than 5 stars are captured in the overall Vehicle Safety Score (VSS) provided to manufacturers, where the Model S achieved a new combined record of 5.4 stars."[153] Tesla's claim was widely reported by the main media.[154][155][156][157] However, a few days later the NHTSA released a statement rebutting Tesla's claim, explaining that a 5-star rating for the Model S is equal to any other car with a rating of 5-stars, and explained that the carmaker did not follow its advertising guidelines. The agency also said it "does not rate vehicles beyond 5 stars and does not rank or order vehicles within the star rating categories."[158][159][160]





产品规格

动力总成

2012年款特斯拉S型高性能型具有416马力（310千瓦）和443英尺·磅（600 N·M），后置式电动马达。基本型采用了362马力（270千瓦）和325英尺·磅（440 N·m）电机。据特斯拉汽车公司称该款电动汽车的风阻系数为0.24[43]，比当时市面上的任何一款车都低（除了一些在S型之后发布的梅赛德斯-奔驰CLA级车）[1][161]。

經由5個輪迴的測試，美國國家環境保護局評定 85 千瓦·時 規格 S 型的綜合燃油效率相當於 89 MPGe（2.64 L/100 km），亦即在市區道路駕駛時為88 mi/US gal（2.7 L/100 km；106 mi/imp gal），而在高速公路駕駛時為 90 mi/US gal（2.6 L/100 km；110 mi/imp gal）。[6]

下表显示了环保局每英里加仑汽油当量燃油经济性的官方评级（MPGE）。

2012-13年特斯拉S型燃油经济性和运营成本
型号 型式年份 EPA综合
燃油经济性		 EPA城市
燃油经济性		 EPA高速
燃油经济性		 Cost to drive
25 miles		 每年的燃料成本(1)
(15,000 mi)
特斯拉S型
（60kWh电池版本）[162]		 2013 95 MPGe
(35 kWh/100 mi)		 94 MPGe 97 MPGe $1.05 $650
特斯拉S型
（85kWh电池版本）[163]		 2012–13 89 MPGe
(38 kWh/100 mi)		 88 MPGe
(38 kWh/100 mi)		 90 MPGe
(37 kWh/100 mi)		 $1.14 $700
Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. Values rounded to the nearest $50. Electricity cost of 0.12美元/kWh, as of November 30, 2012). 1 gal. gasoline = 33.7 kWh.


事故

  • 2013年10月1日，於美國華盛頓州時間，在路旁發生不明原因的燃燒，詳細原因警方調查中。[來源請求]

參見

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  69. ^ Jim Motavalli. At Tesla's Party, Superchargers and Delivery Dates. 纽约时报. 2012-11-13 [2012-12-23]. 
  70. ^ Sebastian Blanco. REPORT: Tesla Model S was designed with battery swaps in mind. Autoblog Green（英语：Autoblog Green）. 2009-09-27 [2013-06-22]. 
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  72. ^ Tesla Motors demonstrates battery swap in the Model S. Green Car Congress（英语：Green Car Congress）. 2013-06-21 [2013-06-22]. 
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  92. ^ Jose Pontes. Canada Full Year 2012. EV Sales. 2013-01-06 [2013-07-06].  100 units delivered in 2012.
  93. ^ Matthew Klippenstein. Plug-in Electric Car Sales In Canada, July 2013: Tesla On Top?. Green Car Reports. 2013-08-06 [2013-08-06].  During the first six months of 2013 a total of 342 Model S units were delivered.
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  95. ^ John Voelcker. Tesla Model S Update: 3,000th Electric Sedan Delivered In CA. Green Car Reports. 2013-03-22 [2013-03-22]. 
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  98. ^ Green Car Congress（英语：Green Car Congress）. Tesla likely Q1 US PEV leader with 4,750+ sales in North America; Nissan surges with LEAF in March in US. Green Car Congress. 2013-04-04 [2013-04-07]. 
  99. ^ Antony Ingram. New Tesla Model S Pricing Announced For Jan 1, Battery Pack Costs Too. Green Car Reports. 2012-11-29 [2012-12-16]. 
  100. ^ Why Texas Bans the Sale of Tesla Cars. Yahoo! News. 2013-08-22 [2013-08-24]. 
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  103. ^ Tesla to honour Model S pricing. Autocar. [2012-06-25]. 
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  105. ^ Pete Brissette. Tesla Announces European Model S Pricing. HybridCars.com. 2012-12-21 [2012-12-23]. 
  106. ^ De Danske Bilimportører. Statistik - Personbiler: 2013- Hele Hele året/januar-september 2013 [Statistics - Passenger cars: 2013- January-September 2013]. Bilimp. 2013 [2013-10-11] （Danish）.  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助) Select year and click on Pr. model for details of sales by brand and model.
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  108. ^ Michaël Torregrossa. Tesla– Premières livraisons françaises pour le Model S [Tesla - First deliveries of the French Model S]. Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). 2013-09-28 [2013-10-12] （French）. 
  109. ^ Philippe Schwoerer. Wehicles y était : livraisons des Tesla Model S à Paris [Wehicles was there: Tesla Model S deliveries in Paris]. Wehicles. 2013-09-28 [2013-10-12] （French）. 
  110. ^ Tesla Motors PR Newswire. Tesla Motors Announces Major Developments for Germany. Bloomberg. 2013-10-23 [2013-10-23]. 
  111. ^ Angelo Young. Tesla Is Experiencing Tepid German, Danish Sales So Far; Netherlands Performance Faring Better. 国际财经时报. 2013-10-21 [2013-10-32]. 
  112. ^ RAI. Verkoopstatistieken -nieuwverkoop personenautos [Sales Statistics - New passenger car sales]. RAI Vereniging. [2013-10-07] （Dutch）.  Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201308" - Cumulative sales totalled 7 units in August 2013, of which 5 were sold in August.
  113. ^ 113.0 113.1 RAI. Verkoopcijfers september 2013 - Modellenoverzicht [Sales September 2013 - Models overview]. Auto Week Netherlands. 2013 [2013-10-07] （Dutch）.  已忽略未知参数|month=（建议使用|date=） (帮助) Table shows September and August 2013 sales: 5 units were delivered in August and 170 in September.
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  115. ^ 115.0 115.1 Henk Bekker. 2013 (Half Year) Norway: Best-Selling Electric Cars. BestSellingCars.com. 2013-07-04 [2013-07-06]. 
  116. ^ 116.0 116.1 Elbilsalget: Stille før stormen i julii [Electric Vehicle Sales: Calm from the storm in July]. Grønn bil. 2013-08-05 [2013-08-07] （挪威语）.  Reported used imports not included. 引证错误：带有name属性“NorwaySales072013”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
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  118. ^ OFV. Bilsalget i august [Car sales in August]. Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken (OFV). 2013-09-02 [2013-09-04] （挪威语）. 
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  121. ^ Eric Loveday. Norwegians Buying "Used" Tesla Model S Sedans at Prices Higher Than New to Avoid 5-Month Wait. InsideEVs.com. 2013-10-09 [2013-10-11]. 
  122. ^ 122.0 122.1 Reuters. Nissan Leaf tops Norway Oct. car sales, beats Toyota Auris, VW Golf. Automotive News Europe. 2013-11-01 [2013-11-02]. 
  123. ^ Vereinigung Scheweizer Automobil-Importeure. Personenwagen nach Modellen - Modellstatistik Personenwagen 2013 [Passenger cars by model - Statistic by model cars in 2013]. Auto Schweiz. 2013-10-10 [2013-10-11] （German）.  Download the file ModellePW2013.xls, cumulative sales are presented in tabs Juli (3), Aug (45), Sept (111).
  124. ^ http://www.safercar.gov/Vehicle+Shoppers/5-Star+Safety+Ratings/2011-Newer+Vehicles/Vehicle-Detail?vehicleId=7769
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  126. ^ Phillipe Crowe. Tesla Model S Catches Fire. HybridCars.com. 2013-10-04 [2013-10-05]. 
  127. ^ 127.0 127.1 Bill Vlasic. Car Fire a Test for High-Flying Tesla. 纽约时报. 2013-10-03 [2013-10-05].  The video is available atYouTubehere.
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  129. ^ David Shepardson. NHTSA looking into Tesla EV fire. The Detroit News（英语：The Detroit News）. 2013-10-22 [2013-10-23]. 
  130. ^ David Shepardson. U.S. will not open investigation into Tesla fire. The Detroit News. 2013-10-24 [2013-10-25]. 
  131. ^ PRNewswire. And Now There Is One.... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car. 国际财经时报. 2013-03-28 [2013-03-28]. 
  132. ^ Zenlea, David. 2013 Automobile of the Year: Tesla Model S. Automobile Magazine. 2012-01 [2012-11-01]. 
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  134. ^ Auto Grand Award Winner: Tesla Model S. PopSci. 2012-11 [2012-11-19]. 
  135. ^ TIME Staff. Best Inventions of the Year 2012 - $22,000 - $750,000-The Tesla Model S. Time Magazine. 2012-11-01 [2012-11-02]. 
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  137. ^ Cunningham, Wayne; Goodwin, Antuan. 2012 Car Tech Awards: And the winner is.... CNET. 2012-12-19 [2012-12-24]. 
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  139. ^ Tesla Model S Named 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Car of the Year. AutoGuide. 2012-12-12 [2012-12-28]. 
  140. ^ 加拿大自然資源部. 2013 ecoENERGY for Vehicles Awards. Natural Resources Canada. 2013-02-14 [2013-02-22]. 
  141. ^ Peter Valdes-Dapena. Tesla : Consumer Reports' best car ever tested. CNN Money（英语：CNN Money）. 2013-05-09 [2013-05-12]. 
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  147. ^ Philip LeBeau. Behind the Wheel, Putting the Tesla to the Test. CNBC. 2013-02-193 [2013-02-22]. 
  148. ^ Elvia Thompson. Tesla Model S Road Trip: Electric Cars Make It From DC To CT. Green Car Reports. 2013-02-18 [2013-02-20]. 
  149. ^ Sebastian Blanco. Tesla Model S road trip drivers find success along NYT's failed drive route [w/video]. Autoblog Green（英语：Autoblog Green）. 2013-02-18 [2013-02-20]. 
  150. ^ Margaret Sullivan. Problems With Precision and Judgment, but Not Integrity, in Tesla Test. 纽约时报. 2013-02-18 [2013-02-20]. 
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  157. ^ Mark Rogowsky. Safest Car On The Road: Even Crashing Into A Wall Is Good News For Tesla. 福布斯. 2013-08-20 [2013-09-01]. 
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  160. ^ UPDATE: Tesla roof so strong it broke crush-test machine. 今日美國. 2013-08-21 [2013-09-01]. 
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*Southern California auto maker announces fully-electric sedan（英语：n:Southern California auto maker announces fullyelectric sedan）
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