User:Imacat/沙盒/愛達·勒芙蕾絲

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维基百科，自由的百科全书
洛夫莱斯伯爵夫人埃达
Ada, Countess of Lovelace
1840年的埃达
出生奥古斯塔·埃达·拜伦
Augusta Ada Byron
(1815-12-10)1815年12月10日
英格兰伦敦
逝世1852年11月27日(1852歲—11—27)（36歲）
英格兰伦敦马里波恩
墓地英格兰诺丁汉郡哈克诺圣抹大拉的马利亚教堂
知名于数学
运算
配偶威廉·金-诺尔（第一代洛夫莱斯伯爵）（英语：William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace）
父母

勒芙蕾絲伯爵夫人奧古斯塔·愛達·金·諾爾（Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace，1815年12月10日－1852年11月27日），原姓拜倫（Byron），是一位英國數學家兼作家，代表作是她為查爾斯·巴貝奇的分析機——機械式通用計算機——所寫的作品。她是第一位主張計算機不只可以用來算數的人，也發表了第一段分析機用的演算法。因此，愛達被公認為史上第一位認識電腦完全潛能的人，也是史上第一位電腦程式設計師。[1][2][3]

愛達·勒芙蕾絲是名詩人拜倫的唯一婚生子，母親為溫特沃斯女爵安妮·伊莎貝拉·米爾班奇（安娜貝拉）（英语：Anne Isabella Milbanke）。[4]拜倫的其他子女都是和其他女人間的非婚生子。[5]愛達出生週月父母離異，四個月後父親離開英國，一去不歸。拜倫在詩中寫著：「我的嬌女，妳的容顏是否如母？愛達，我屋簷下、我心中唯一的女兒。」.[6]愛達八歲時，拜倫在希臘獨立戰爭中病死。愛達母親始終痛恨拜倫，致力栽培愛達的數學邏輯興趣，以免愛達陷入她眼中拜倫的瘋狂下場。但愛達終究很在意父親，過世時要求要葬在父親身旁。愛達童年多病。1835年愛達與威廉·金（英语：William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace）結婚，威廉·金於1838年受封勒芙蕾絲伯爵，她成為勒芙蕾絲伯爵夫人。

藉著她的家庭與教育環境，她認識許多科學家，如安德魯·克羅斯（英语：Andrew Crosse）、大衛·布儒斯特爵士、查爾斯·惠斯通、麥可·法拉第和作家狄更斯，跟著他們進修。愛達自稱是「分析家（兼形上學家）」[7]，並自稱在從事「詩意科學」[8]。

十幾歲時，因著她的數學天份，愛達認識了後世譽為「電腦之父」的查爾斯·巴貝奇，並參與了巴貝奇的分析機。愛達在1833年透過家教瑪麗·薩默維爾的關係，認識了巴貝奇。

在1842到1843年間，她翻譯了一篇義大利軍事工程師費德里科·路易吉闡述分析機的文章，並加上詳盡的筆記（篇名就叫筆記）。愛達的筆記裡，包含了公認的第一段電腦程式—一段分析機用的演算法。愛達的筆記對早期電腦發展史非常重要。此外，當巴貝奇等同時代學者，只著眼於電腦的數學運算力時，愛達已經預見了電腦廣泛應用的未來。[9]她在筆記中以她獨有的「詩意科學」思考分析機，研究個人和社會，如何透過科技協同工作。[5]

愛達在1852年因子宮癌逝世，享年36歲。

生平

童年

Ada, aged four

Byron expected his baby to be a "glorious boy" and was disappointed when his wife gave birth to a girl.[10] Augusta was named after Byron's half-sister, Augusta Leigh, and was called "Ada" by Byron himself.[11]

四歲的愛達

拜倫想要一個「光耀的男兒」，所以當妻子生下女兒時，非常失望。[10]她的名字「奧古斯塔」取自拜倫同父異母的姐姐奧古斯塔·李（英语：Augusta Leigh） (Augusta Leigh)，拜倫自己命名「愛達」。[11]

On 16 January 1816 Ada's mother, Annabella, at Byron's behest, left for her parents' home at Kirkby Mallory, taking one-month-old Ada with her.[10] Although English law at the time gave fathers full custody of their children in cases of separation, Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights[12] but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare.[13] On 21 April Byron signed the Deed of Separation, although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later.[14] Aside from an acrimonious separation, Annabella continually made allegations about Byron's immoral behaviour throughout her life.[15]

1816年1月16日，安娜貝拉在拜倫要求下，帶著一個月大的愛達離家，回到柯比馬洛里（英语：Kirkby Mallory）的娘家。[10]依當年的英國法律，離婚後子女監護權屬於父方。但拜倫不想要監護權[12]，只委託姐姐在愛達有需要時通知他。[13]4月21日拜倫勉為其難簽字離婚，幾天後旋即離開英國。[14]除離婚外，安娜貝拉一輩子都在抱怨拜倫的敗德行為。[15]

Ada, aged seven, by Alfred d'Orsay, 1822, Somerville College, Oxford.

This set of events made Ada famous in Victorian society. Byron did not have a relationship with his daughter, and never saw her again. He died in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life.[16] Ada was not shown the family portrait of her father (covered in green shroud) until her twentieth birthday.[17] Her mother became Baroness Wentworth in her own right in 1856.

七歲的愛達，作者Alfred d'Orsay，1822年，收藏於牛津大學薩默維爾學院。

愛達因為這件事，在維多利亞時代聲名遠播。拜倫和女兒再無任何牽扯，終生未再相見。他逝世於1824年，愛達時年8歲。母親安娜貝拉是愛達唯一的重要親人。[16]直到愛達20歲生日前，父親拜倫的畫像都用灰布蓋住，不讓愛達看到。[17]母親安娜貝拉1856年成為温特沃思女男爵。

Annabella did not have a close relationship with the young Ada and often left her in the care of her own mother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke, who doted on her grandchild. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as mitigation—Annabella had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about Ada's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern.[18] In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to Ada as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own."[19] In her teenage years, several of her mother's close friends watched Ada for any sign of moral deviation. Ada dubbed these observers the "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.[20]

愛達小的時候，母親安娜貝拉和她很疏遠，常常把她丟給溺愛孫女的外婆，米爾班奇夫人茱蒂·洪照顧。然而，當時社會輿論在離婚時偏向男方，也會拿小孩子說三道四。為顧及社會觀感，安娜貝拉必須對外扮演慈母。安娜貝拉會寫信給母親關心愛達，並在信封上另註要收好信，以備不時之需。[18]在其中一封信裡，她稱愛達為「它」：「雖然百般不願，我還是聽妳的話，和它說話。若妳願認養它，我會非常高興。」[19]在愛達的少女時期，好幾位母親的密友會監視愛達，以免她變壞。愛達偷偷給這些眼線取了綽號「妖女」，抱怨她們亂講她的壞話。[20]

Ada, aged seventeen, 1832

Ada was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured her vision.[11] In June 1829, she was paralysed after a bout of measles. She was subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, which may have extended her period of disability. By 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite being ill Ada developed her mathematical and technological skills. At age 12 this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided she wanted to fly. Ada went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion. Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated different material and sizes. She considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the anatomy of birds to determine the right proportion between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book, Flyology, illustrating, with plates, some of her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to integrate steam with the "art of flying".[5]

十七歲的愛達，1832年

愛達小時候身體不好，常常生病。八歲時，她就因為頭痛影響視力。[11]1829年6月，愛達因麻疹發作而全身麻痺，在床上休養了將近一年，之後仍然行動不便。直到1831年，她才能柱著拐杖走路。雖然一直生病，愛達的數理能力仍持續進步。12歲的時候，這位未來巴貝奇口中的「妖精小姐」，開始想飛。她深思熟慮，按部就班，一步步實現她的夢想計畫。1928年2月，她跨出第一步：製作雙翼。她計算、分析不同的材質、大小，嘗試各種材料：紙、油布、纜線、羽毛等。她研究鳥類解剖學，計算雙翼和身體的正確比例。她計畫把她的研究發現和圖表，整理成書《飛行學》。她也規劃所需的器材，例如羅盤，以便能越過高山河谷「直線穿越大地」。愛達的最後一步則是要結合蒸汽和「飛行藝術學」。

In early 1833 Ada had an affair with a tutor and, after being caught, tried to elope with him. The tutor's relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Annabella and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a public scandal.[21] Ada never met her younger half-sister, Allegra, the daughter of Lord Byron and Claire Clairmont. Allegra died in 1822 at the age of five. Ada did have some contact with Elizabeth Medora Leigh, the daughter of Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Ada as much as possible when introduced at Court.[22]

1833年初，愛達和一個家教墜入情網，戀情曝光後，他們就私奔了。家教的親戚認出愛達後，通報了愛達的母親。安娜貝拉和朋友聯手封鎖了所有消息，以免被輿論攻擊。愛達從未見過拜倫和克萊爾·克萊爾蒙特的女兒，她同父異母的妹妹奧格拉·拜倫。1822年，奧格拉五歲時過世。愛達和拜倫同父異母姐姐奧古斯塔·李的女兒伊莉莎白·梅朵拉·李（英语：Elizabeth Medora Leigh）有往來，雖然對方後來在法院上刻意避開她。

  1. ^ Fuegi & Francis 2003.
  2. ^ Phillips, Ana Lena. Crowdsourcing Gender Equity: Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and technology. American Scientist. November–December 2011, 99 (6): 463. 
  3. ^ Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle. The Guardian. 10 December 2012 [10 December 2012]. 
  4. ^ Ada Lovelace Biography, biography.com
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Toole, Betty Alexandra, Poetical Science, The Byron Journal, 1987, 15: 55–65, doi:10.3828/bj.1987.6 .
  6. ^ Last leaving England. I. Personal, Lyric, and Elegiac. Lord Byron. 1881. Poetry of Byron. www.bartleby.com. [2018-01-31]. 
  7. ^ Toole 1998，第156–157頁.
  8. ^ Toole 1998，第234–235頁.
  9. ^ Fuegi & Francis 2003，第19, 25頁.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Turney 1972，第35頁.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Stein 1985，第17頁.
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Stein 1985，第16頁.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Woolley 1999，第80頁.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Turney 1972，第36–38頁.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Woolley 1999，第74–77頁.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Turney 1972，第138頁.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Woolley 1999，第10頁.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Woolley 1999，第85–87頁.
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Woolley 1999，第86頁.
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Woolley 1999，第119頁.
  21. ^ Woolley 1999，第120–21頁.
  22. ^ Turney 1972，第155頁.
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