莱邦博骨

萊邦博骨是由狒狒的腓骨製成，有著切割痕跡的骨器；因其是在南非和史瓦帝尼之間的萊邦博山發現而得名^[1]。缺口部分的變化顯示使用了不同的切削刀刃，骨頭的發現者彼得·博蒙特將其視為證據，認為與世界各地發現的其他標記一樣，是在舉行儀式的過程中，經由刀刃切割製作出來。

根據放射性碳定年法測定，這塊骨頭的年齡在44,200到43,000歲之間^[2]。這比有時會混淆在一起的伊尚戈骨要古老得多。有些有缺口的骨骼有80,000年的歷史，但現時尚不清楚這些缺口是否僅僅是裝飾性的，或者它們是否有約束力，具有功能性的意義^[3]。

根據"世界數學大全（英语：The Universal Book of Mathematics）"，萊邦博骨的29個刻痕顯示它可能被用做月相計數器。在這種情況下，"非洲女性可能是第一批數學家，因為跟踪月經週期需要依靠陰曆"。然而，骨頭的一端明顯斷裂，因此29個切口可能是總數，也可能不是總數。在全球發現的其它有缺口的骨骼中，許多缺口在1-10之間，並沒有一致的缺口記錄^[4]。

參考資料

^ Beaumont, Peter B. Border Cave – A Progress Report. South African Journal of Science. 1973, 69: 41–46.
^ Francesco d’Errico et al. (2012) Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(33): 13214-13219. It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, 12 d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L.; Villa, P.; Degano, I.; Lucejko, J. J.; Bamford, M. K.; Higham, T. F. G.; Colombini, M. P.; Beaumont, P. B. Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012, 109 (33): 13214–13219. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913214D. PMC 3421171 . PMID 22847420. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204213109 .
^ Ralf Vogelsang et al. (2010) New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: stratigraphy, archaeology, chronology and past environments. Journal of African Archaeology 8(2): 185–218 Richter, Jürgen; et al. New Excavations of Middle Stone Age Deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: Stratigraphy, Archaeology, Chronology and Past Environments. Journal of African Archaeology: 185–218. [2021-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-25）.
^ Beaumont, Peter B.; Bednarik, Robert G. Tracing the Emergence of Palaeoart in Sub-Saharan Africa (PDF). Rock Art Research. 2013, 30 (1): 33–54 [2014-08-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-21）.

外部連結

Images at African Heritage （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] Beaumont, Peter B. Border Cave – A Progress Report. South African Journal of Science. 1973, 69: 41–46.

[2] Francesco d’Errico et al. (2012) Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(33): 13214-13219. It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, 12 d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L.; Villa, P.; Degano, I.; Lucejko, J. J.; Bamford, M. K.; Higham, T. F. G.; Colombini, M. P.; Beaumont, P. B. Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012, 109 (33): 13214–13219. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913214D. PMC 3421171 . PMID 22847420. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204213109 .

[3] Ralf Vogelsang et al. (2010) New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: stratigraphy, archaeology, chronology and past environments. Journal of African Archaeology 8(2): 185–218 Richter, Jürgen; et al. New Excavations of Middle Stone Age Deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: Stratigraphy, Archaeology, Chronology and Past Environments. Journal of African Archaeology: 185–218. [2021-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-25）.

[4] Beaumont, Peter B.; Bednarik, Robert G. Tracing the Emergence of Palaeoart in Sub-Saharan Africa (PDF). Rock Art Research. 2013, 30 (1): 33–54 [2014-08-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-21）.

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相關條目

參考資料

外部連結