莫森氏魚屬

莫森氏鱼属; 化石时期：晚侏羅世提通期至晚白堊世森諾曼期，~152–93 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	莫森氏魚未定種的顱骨化石
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	腔棘魚綱 Coelacanthimorpha
目：	腔棘鱼目 Coelacanthiformes
科：	†莫森氏鱼科 Mawsoniidae
属：	†莫森氏鱼属 Mawsonia; Woodward, 1907
種
	巴西莫森氏鱼 M. brasiliensis Yabumoto, 2002; 巨型莫森氏鱼 M. gigas Woodward, 1907 (模式); 拉氏莫森氏鱼 M. lavocati Tabaste, 1963; 小莫森氏鱼 M. minor Woodward, 1908; 利比斯莫森氏鱼 M. libyca Weiler, 1935; M. soba Brito, 2018; M. tegamensis Wenz, 1975; 乌班吉莫森氏鱼 M. ubangiensis Casier, 1961;

莫森氏鱼屬（學名：Mawsonia）為史前時代腔棘魚中已滅絕的一個屬，為目前已知體型最大的腔棘魚，體長可達5.3米（17.4英尺）^[2]。牠們生存於侏羅紀晚期至白堊紀中期（提通期至森諾曼期，約1.52億年至9,600萬年前）的南美洲、北美洲東部及非洲的淡水與半鹹水水域中。本屬是由英國古生物學家亞瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德於1907年進行發表與命名^[3]。

描述

莫森氏魚的體長可超過3.5米（11英尺），其中最大的樣本估計體長可達5米（16英尺），與同屬於莫森氏魚科的粗首魚屬（英语：Trachymetopon）體型相當^[4]^[5]^[2]。牠們口內無明顯的牙齒，僅具有約1至2 mm（0.039至0.079英寸）長的小齒^[6]。

分類學

莫森氏鱼最早是由英國古生物學家亞瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德於1907年發表與命名，所依據的是發現於巴西巴伊亞州島嶼組（英语：Ilhas Group）地層年代屬白堊紀早期的一具化石樣本。莫森氏鱼的化石發現於南美洲巴西的巴伊亞組（英语：Bahia Group）、羅穆阿爾多組（英语：Romualdo Formation）、奧坎塔拉組（英语：Alcântara Formation）、布雷茹桑托組（英语：Brejo Santo Formation）與舊米桑組（英语：Missão Velha Formation）與烏拉圭的塔夸倫博組（英语：Tacuarembó Formation）^[6]；非洲阿爾及利亞與突尼西亞的陸間組（英语：Continental intercalaire）、突尼西亞的艾因埃爾蓋塔組（英语：Aïn el Guettar Formation）、摩洛哥的卡瑪卡瑪群、喀麥隆的Babouri Figuil盆地（英语：Babouri Figuil Basin），地層年代橫跨侏羅紀晚期至白堊紀晚期；美國德克薩斯州的木藤組（英语：Woodbine Formation）與阿帕拉契古陸（英语：Appalachia_(landmass)）^[7]^[8]。

莫森氏魚屬的模式種為巨型莫森氏魚（M. gigas），在這之後則陸續有數個種被命名，包括巴西莫森氏魚（M. brasiliensis）、利比斯莫森氏魚（M. libyca）、小莫森氏魚（M. minor）、烏班吉莫森氏魚（M. ubangiensis），但也有學者認為這些均為巨型莫森氏魚的異名^[5]^[9]。2014年雷歐·夫拉哥索針對莫森氏魚的論文^[10]認為巴西莫森氏魚為有效名，並認為小莫森氏魚應也屬有效名。近年來的研究也多承認巴西莫森氏魚為有效名^[9]^[11]^[12]^[13]。而原先被認為屬於莫森氏魚屬的拉氏莫森氏魚，則被認為實際上應屬於阿塞洛魚屬（英语：Axelrodichthys）^[13]^[14]。

環境學

莫森氏魚棲息於淡水與半鹹水的水域中^[15]。目前仍未確定牠們的食性，但推測莫森氏魚可能為食殼性（英语：durophagy），透過口中的小齒來咬碎一些具堅硬外殼的小型無脊椎動物^[16]；也有可能是透過吸食方式（英语：suction feeding）直接吞下整個獵物^[17]。

參考文獻

^ Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson HCE; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 1996, 272 (5264): 986–91. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. PMID 8662584. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume. Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity. Scientific Reports. 2021-06-03, 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595 . PMID 34083600. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5 （英语）.
^ Mawsonia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Fossilworks.org
^ Dutel, Hugo; Pennetier, Elisabeth; Pennetier, Gérard. A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014-07-29, 34 (5): 1239–1242 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130632357. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838176. （原始内容存档于2021-08-19）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 de Carvalho, Marise S. S.; Maisey, John G. New occurrence of Mawsonia (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2008, 295 (1): 109–144 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..109D. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 73613846. doi:10.1144/sp295.8. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Toriño, Pablo; Soto, Matías; Perea, Daniel; Salgado de Carvalho, Marise Sardenberg. New findings of the coelacanth Mawsonia Woodward (Actinistia, Latimerioidei) from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Uruguay: Novel anatomical and taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis for the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021, 107: 103054 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703054T. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 229397087. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103054. （原始内容存档于2021-12-18）（英语）.
^ Cavin L, Toriño P, Van Vranken N, Carter B, Polcyn MJ, Winkler D (2021) The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct ‘living fossils’ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259292 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Visiting instructor part of fossil fish team. [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-24）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Cupello, Camila; Batista, Thatiany A.; Fragoso, Léo G.; Brito, Paulo M. Mawsoniid remains (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the lacustrine Missão Velha Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin, North-East Brazil. Cretaceous Research. 2016-10-01, 65: 10–16 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.009. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）（英语）.
^ Fragoso, Léo. Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes). Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2014 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-17）.
^ Batista, Thatiany Alencar; Bantim, Renan Alfredo Machado; Lima, Flaviana Jorge de; Santos Filho, Edilson Bezerra dos; Saraiva, Antônio Álamo Feitosa. New data on the coelacanth fish-fauna (Mawsoniidae) from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Araripe Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2019-11-01, 95: 102280 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9502280B. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 199106397. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102280. （原始内容存档于2022-06-05）（英语）.
^ Cavin, Lionel; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Léo, Fragoso; Deersi, Uthumporn; Brito, Paul M. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A. 2019, 17: 3–13 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-20）.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Fragoso, Léo Galvão Crainer; Brito, Paulo; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka. Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited. Historical Biology. 2019-11-26, 31 (10): 1350–1372 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89795160. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.
^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi. Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys. 2020-04-21, (928): 1–216 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693 . PMID 32362741. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 . （原始内容存档于2022-03-24）.
^ Meunier, François J.; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshikata; Brito, Paulo M. The diet of the Early Cretaceous coelacanth †Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae). 2018 [2023-02-20]. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2018-421-011. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）.
^ Barbara S. Grandstaff, Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Joshua B Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian (2004) Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelanthiformes)
^ Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Tong, Haiyan; Läng, Emilie; Tabouelle, Jérôme; Vullo, Romain. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015-05-27, 10 (5): e0125786. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025786C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4446216 . PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786  （英语）.

延伸閱讀

Fishes of the World by Joseph S. Nelson
History of the Coelacanth Fishes by Peter Forey
Discovering Fossil Fishes by John Maisey and John G. Maisey
The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution by John A. Long
Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems by Paul Selden and John Nudds

[1] Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson HCE; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 1996, 272 (5264): 986–91. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. PMID 8662584. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986.

[Cavinetal2021-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume. Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity. Scientific Reports. 2021-06-03, 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595 . PMID 34083600. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5 （英语）.

[FWMawsonia-3] Mawsonia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Fossilworks.org

[4] Dutel, Hugo; Pennetier, Elisabeth; Pennetier, Gérard. A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014-07-29, 34 (5): 1239–1242 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130632357. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838176. （原始内容存档于2021-08-19）.

[renamed_from_0_on_20211224055025-5] 5.0 ^5.1 de Carvalho, Marise S. S.; Maisey, John G. New occurrence of Mawsonia (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2008, 295 (1): 109–144 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..109D. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 73613846. doi:10.1144/sp295.8. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.

[:0-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Toriño, Pablo; Soto, Matías; Perea, Daniel; Salgado de Carvalho, Marise Sardenberg. New findings of the coelacanth Mawsonia Woodward (Actinistia, Latimerioidei) from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Uruguay: Novel anatomical and taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis for the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021, 107: 103054 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703054T. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 229397087. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103054. （原始内容存档于2021-12-18）（英语）.

[7] Cavin L, Toriño P, Van Vranken N, Carter B, Polcyn MJ, Winkler D (2021) The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct ‘living fossils’ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259292 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[8] Visiting instructor part of fossil fish team. [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-24）.

[:1-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Cupello, Camila; Batista, Thatiany A.; Fragoso, Léo G.; Brito, Paulo M. Mawsoniid remains (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the lacustrine Missão Velha Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin, North-East Brazil. Cretaceous Research. 2016-10-01, 65: 10–16 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.009. （原始内容存档于2021-03-11）（英语）.

[10] Fragoso, Léo. Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes). Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2014 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-17）.

[11] Batista, Thatiany Alencar; Bantim, Renan Alfredo Machado; Lima, Flaviana Jorge de; Santos Filho, Edilson Bezerra dos; Saraiva, Antônio Álamo Feitosa. New data on the coelacanth fish-fauna (Mawsoniidae) from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Araripe Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2019-11-01, 95: 102280 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9502280B. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 199106397. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102280. （原始内容存档于2022-06-05）（英语）.

[12] Cavin, Lionel; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Léo, Fragoso; Deersi, Uthumporn; Brito, Paul M. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A. 2019, 17: 3–13 [2023-02-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-20）.

[:2-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Fragoso, Léo Galvão Crainer; Brito, Paulo; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka. Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited. Historical Biology. 2019-11-26, 31 (10): 1350–1372 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89795160. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443. （原始内容存档于2023-02-20）.

[14] Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi. Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys. 2020-04-21, (928): 1–216 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693 . PMID 32362741. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 . （原始内容存档于2022-03-24）.

[15] Meunier, François J.; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshikata; Brito, Paulo M. The diet of the Early Cretaceous coelacanth †Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae). 2018 [2023-02-20]. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2018-421-011. （原始内容存档于2021-05-18）.

[16] Barbara S. Grandstaff, Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Joshua B Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian (2004) Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelanthiformes)

[17] Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Tong, Haiyan; Läng, Emilie; Tabouelle, Jérôme; Vullo, Romain. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015-05-27, 10 (5): e0125786. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025786C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4446216 . PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786  （英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]