英语不规则动词
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英语中有大约 200 个不规则动词,如果把前缀派生词也计算在内的话,则会更多。在大多数情况下,不规则动词的不规则性体现在过去式和过去分词上。
通常来说,不规则动词的第三人称单数和现在分词的屈折变化(分别是加 -[e]s 或 -ing 后缀)是规则的,但也有一些例外:如动词 be, have, do, go, say 等。有些情态动词则没有部分屈折形态。
英语中的不规则动词包含了日常生活中最常用的动词。英语中的新词(如外来词)往往遵循一般的屈折变化,除非它们的词根是一个不规则动词(如 housesit 遵循和 sit 一样的不规则屈折变化)。
现代英语中的许多不规则动词由日耳曼语强变化动词派生而来,这些动词往往通过元音变换来体现屈折形式,比如现代英语中 sing-sang-sung。相对的,规则动词在词尾加 -ed 的屈折变化,则是来源于日耳曼语弱变化动词在词尾加齿音(-t 或 -d)的习惯。[1]
有关动词英语中规则动词变位的信息,可参见英语动词条目。
列表
本列表包含 204 个标签现代英语中常用的不规则动词。罕用的、仅在方言中使用的,或是参古旧的用法不包含在此列表内。通过给基础动词加上前缀形成的大部分动词(如 unbend, understand, mistake 等)也不包含在内。不收录非限定动词(如 clad, sodden 等)。
完整的列表请参见英语不规则动词列表。每个单词的发音及释义,请参见维基词典。
- a- : for abide, arise, awake, see bide, rise, wake
- be (am, is, are) – was, were – been
- be- : for become, befall, beset, etc. see come, fall, set, etc.
- bear – bore – borne [spelt born in passive and adjectival uses relating to birth]
- beat – beat – beaten
- beget – begot – begot(ten) [Biblical past tense: begat]
- begin – began – begun
- bend – bent – bent
- bet – bet – bet [past tense and participle also sometimes betted]
- beware – [defective]
- bid – bid – bid [as in an auction]
- bid – bade/bid – bidden/bid [meaning "request"]
- bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden [but abide mostly uses the regular forms only]
- bind – bound – bound
- bite – bit – bitten
- bleed – bled – bled
- blow – blew – blown
- break – broke – broken
- breed – bred – bred
- bring – brought – brought
- build – built – built
- burn – burnt/burned – burnt/burned
- burst – burst – burst
- buy – bought – bought
- can – could [defective]
- cast – cast – cast [prefixed forms broadcast, forecast, etc. sometimes take -ed[2]]
- catch – caught – caught
- choose – chose – chosen
- clad – clad/cladded – clad/cladded [clad is also sometimes used as past form of clothe]
- cleave – clove/cleft – cloven/cleft [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
- cling – clung – clung
- come – came – come
- cost – cost – cost [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
- creep – crept/creeped – crept/creeped
- crow – crowed/crew – crowed [crew normally used only of a cock's crowing]
- cut – cut – cut
- dare – regular except for possible third person singular present dare
- deal – dealt – dealt
- dig – dug – dug
- dive – dived/dove – dived [the form dove is chiefly American]
- do (does /dʌz/) – did – done
- drag – dragged/drug – dragged/drug [the form drug is chiefly dialectal]
- draw – drew – drawn
- dream – dreamed/dreamt – dreamed/dreamt
- drink – drank – drunk
- drive – drove – driven
- dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled
- eat – ate – eaten
- fall – fell – fallen
- feed – fed – fed
- feel – felt – felt
- fight – fought – fought
- find – found – found
- fit – fit/fitted – fit/fitted
- flee – fled – fled
- fling – flung – flung
- fly – flew – flown [the form flied is common in the baseball sense]
- for(e)- : for forgo, foresee, etc. see go, see, etc.
- forbid – forbade/forbid – forbidden
- forget – forgot – forgotten
- forsake – forsook – forsaken
- freeze – froze – frozen
- get – got – gotten/got [past participle got in British English, gotten in American, but see have got]
- gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt
- give – gave – given
- go – went – gone [see also have been]
- grind – ground – ground
- grow – grew – grown
- hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged [the form hanged is more common in the sense of execution by hanging]
- have (has) – had – had
- hear – heard – heard
- hew – hewed – hewn/hewed
- hide – hid – hidden
- hit – hit – hit
- hoist – hoist/hoisted – hoist/hoisted
- hold – held – held
- hurt – hurt – hurt
- in- : for inlay, input, etc. see lay, put, etc.
- inter- : for interlay, interweave, etc. see lay, weave, etc.
- keep – kept – kept
- kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled
- knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted
- know – knew – known
- lay – laid – laid
- lead – led – led
- lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant
- leap – leaped/leapt – leaped/leapt
- learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt
- leave – left – left
- lend – lent – lent
- let – let – let
- lie – lay – lain [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
- light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted
- lose – lost – lost
- make – made – made
- may – might [defective]
- mean – meant – meant
- meet – met – met
- mis- : for misspeak, mistake, etc. see speak, take, etc.
- mow – mowed – mowed/mown
- must – [defective]
- need – regular except for possible third person singular present need
- off- : for offset see set, etc.
- ought – [defective]
- out- : for outbid, output, etc. see bid, put, etc.
- over- : for overbid, overdo, etc. see bid, do, etc.
- pay – paid – paid [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
- plead – pleaded/pled – pleaded/pled
- pre- : for prepay, preset, etc. see pay, set, etc.
- prove – proved – proved/proven
- put – put – put
- quit – quit – quit
- re- : for redo, remake, etc. see do, make, etc.
- read /riːd/ – read /rɛd/ – read /rɛd/
- rend – rent – rent
- rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridded/ridden
- ride – rode – ridden
- ring – rang – rung
- rise – rose – risen
- run – ran – run
- saw – sawed – sawn/sawed
- say (says /sɛz/) – said – said
- see – saw – seen
- seek – sought – sought
- sell – sold – sold
- send – sent – sent
- set – set – set
- sew – sewed – sewn/sewed
- shake – shook – shaken
- shall – should [defective]
- shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared
- shed – shed – shed
- shine – shone/shined – shone/shined
- shit – shat/shit/shitted – shat/shit/shitted
- shoe – shoed/shod – shoed/shod
- shoot – shot – shot
- show – showed – shown/showed
- shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk
- shrive – shrove – shriven
- shut – shut – shut
- sing – sang – sung
- sink – sank – sunk
- sit – sat – sat
- slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed
- sleep – slept – slept
- slide – slid – slid
- sling – slung – slung
- slink – slunk – slunk
- slit – slit – slit
- smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt
- smite – smote – smitten
- sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck [snuck is chiefly American, is regarded as informal and is only cited from 1887[3]]
- sow – sowed – sown/sowed
- speak – spoke – spoken
- speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded
- spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt
- spend – spent – spent
- spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt
- spin – spun – spun
- spit – spat/spit – spat/spit [the form spit rather than spat is common in America]
- split – split – split
- spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt
- spread – spread – spread
- spring – sprang/sprung – sprung
- stand – stood – stood
- stave – staved/stove – staved/stove
- steal – stole – stolen
- stick – stuck – stuck
- sting – stung – stung
- stink – stank – stunk
- strew – strewed – strewn/strewed
- stride – strode – stridden/strode
- strike – struck – struck/stricken
- string – strung – strung
- strive – strove/strived – striven/strived
- swear – swore – sworn
- sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat
- sweep – swept – swept
- swell – swelled – swollen/swelled
- swim – swam – swum
- swing – swung – swung
- take – took – taken
- teach – taught – taught
- tear – tore – torn
- tell – told – told
- think – thought – thought
- throw – threw – thrown
- thrust – thrust/thrusted – thrust/thrusted
- tread – trod – trodden/trod
- un- : for unbend, unweave, etc. see bend, weave, etc.
- under- : for underlie, undergo, understand, etc. see lie, go, stand, etc.
- up- : for upset see set, etc.
- wake – woke – woken
- wear – wore – worn
- weave – wove – woven
- wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded
- weep – wept – wept
- wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted
- will – would [defective]
- win – won – won
- wind – wound – wound [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
- with- : for withdraw, withhold, withstand, see draw, hold, stand
- wring – wrang/wrung – wrung
- write – wrote – written
引用来源
- ^ Algeo, John; Pyles, Thomas. The Origins and Development of the English Language. Cengage Learning. 2009: 171 [7 February 2013]. ISBN 9781428231450.
- ^ For example, forecasted is acceptable as the past participle and past simple of the verb forecast, especially in some technical meanings. See www.usingenglish.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
外部链接
- (英文) 维基词典:英语不规则动词表