纬度相关覆盖层

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大部分火星表面都披覆了一层厚厚的富冰覆盖层,该覆盖层是过去多次从天空飘落的冰核尘埃所组成[1] [2] [3]。在部分地区可看到覆盖层中的一些分层[4]

从天空降落的冰核尘埃,很好地证明了这层覆盖层富含水冰。许多表面常见的多边形形状也表明土壤中富含冰。2001火星奥德赛号发现了高含量的(可能来自水)[5][6] [7] [8] [9]。从轨道上进行的热辐射测量表明了冰的存在[10] [11]凤凰号火星探测器降落在一片多边形区域中,它发现了水冰,并进行了直接观测[12][13],事实上,它的着陆火箭暴露了纯冰。理论预测在几厘米厚的土壤下会发现冰。该覆盖层被称为“纬度相关覆盖层”,因为它的出现与纬度有关。正是这层覆盖层后来的破裂,才形成了多边形地面。这种富含水冰地面的破裂是根据物理作用所预测的[14][15] [16] [17][18] [19][20]。另一种表面被称为“脑纹地形”,因为它看起来像人脑的表面。当两种区域同时出现时,脑纹地形高度较多边形地面更低。

尽管相邻下层的脑纹地形参差不齐,但从顶层开始,多边形层相当平整。据信,含多边形的覆盖层深度需达10-20米,才能形成平整表面。在所有的冰消失之前,覆盖层会持续很长一段时间,因为顶部会形成一层保护性的滞留沉积物[21] [22] [23]。覆盖层中含有冰和尘埃。当一定数量的冰升华后,尘埃停留在顶部,形成滞留沉积层[24] [25] [26] [27]。 根据多边形地面的总面积计算,估计覆盖层中锁住的总水量约有10米深,这一体积相当于在整个星球覆盖了一层2.5米深的水。但相比之下,地球北极南极冰盖融化的水则可覆盖整个星球30米深[28]

覆盖层形成于火星气候与现在不同的时期[29] [30] [31],火星自转轴的倾斜或倾角变化很大[32] [33] [34],而地球的倾斜变化则很小,因为我们相当大的月球稳定了地球。火星只有两颗非常小卫星,它们没有足够的引力来稳定火星的倾斜。当火星倾斜度超过40度(今天是25度)左右时,冰就会沉积在某些纬度带上,而这些纬度带现今存在着大量的覆盖层 [35] [36]。  

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