波斯語拉丁化
（重定向自波斯語羅馬化）
波斯語拉丁化或波斯語羅馬化（英語：Latinization of Persian 或Romanization of Persian；波斯語：لاتیننویسی فارسی，羅馬化：Lātinnevisiye fārsi, 發音：[lɒːtiːn.neviːˌsije fɒːɹˈsiː]），是波斯語的拉丁化呈現。波斯語存在幾種不同的拉丁化方案；每個方案都有自己的一套規則、由其所要表現的意識形態目標而決定其拉丁化之方案。目前似乎是UN(2012)是比較能夠眾所接受的拉丁化方案；其特色是/z/字母統合四個波斯傳統字母（ذ、ز、ض、ظ）、/s/字母統合三個傳統波斯字母（ث、س、ص）、/q/字母則統合二個波斯傳統語音字母（غ、ق），而四個聲門塞音字母（ا、ء、ؤ、ئ）除用在字詞中（'/ъ）保留外、在字首及字尾則經常省略；濁咽擦音（ع）亦經常省略；而清齒齦塞音（ة）即字母/ت/的變形方式、依據字詞使用方式也常省略之。[1][2]除元音是採用整合對應方式外，其餘拉丁字母的輔音和傳統的波斯語字母、UN(2012)則是採用一對一的對應轉換方式。[1][2]
主要的拉丁化方案
- DMG (1969),德國東方學會嚴格的科學系統。它符合德國標準化學會的標準DIN 31635。[3]
- ALA-LC (1997)，ALA-LC拉丁化.[4]
- BGN/PCGN (1958)，BGN/PCGN羅馬化系統.[5]
- EI (1960)，在伊朗百科全书早先版本的系統所使用。[3]
- EI (2012)，波斯語當代修改方式。[6]
- UN (1967)，伊朗國家系統(1966)，於1967年由聯合國地名專家組所核可。[1][7]
- UN (2012)，波斯語當代修改方式。[1][2]
各方案比較表
輔音表
| Unicode | 字母 | IPA | DMG (1969) | ALA-LC (1997) | BGN/PCGN (1958) | EI (1960) | EI (2012) | UN (1967) | UN (2012) | 英語發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U+0627 | ا | ʔ, ∅[a] | ʾ, —[b] | ʼ, —[b] | ʾ | _____ | ||||
| U+0628 | ب | b | b | B as in Bob | ||||||
| U+067E | پ | p | p | P as in pet | ||||||
| U+062A | ت | t | t | T as in tall | ||||||
| U+062B | ث | s | s̱ | s̱ | s̄ | t͟h | ṯ | s̄ | s | S as in sand |
| U+062C | ج | dʒ | ǧ | j | j | d͟j | j | j | J as in jam | |
| U+0686 | چ | tʃ | č | ch | ch | č | č | ch | č | Ch as in Charlie |
| U+062D | ح | h | ḥ | ḥ | ḩ/ḥ[c] | ḥ | ḥ | ḩ | h | H as in holiday |
| U+062E | خ | x | ḫ | kh | kh | k͟h | ḵ | kh | x | ____ |
| U+062F | د | d | d | D as in Dave | ||||||
| U+0630 | ذ | z | ẕ | ẕ | z̄ | d͟h | ḏ | z̄ | z | Z as in zero |
| U+0631 | ر | r | r | R as in Rabbit | ||||||
| U+0632 | ز | z | z | Z as in zero | ||||||
| U+0698 | ژ | ʒ | ž | zh | zh | z͟h | ž | zh | ž | S as in televison
or G as in Genre |
| U+0633 | س | s | s | S as in Sam | ||||||
| U+0634 | ش | ʃ | š | sh | sh | s͟h | š | sh | š | Sh as in sheep |
| U+0635 | ص | s | ṣ | ṣ | ş/ṣ[c] | ṣ | ṣ | ş | s | S as in Sam |
| U+0636 | ض | z | ż | z̤ | ẕ | ḍ | ż | ẕ | z | Z as in zero |
| U+0637 | ط | t | ṭ | ṭ | ţ/ṭ[c] | ṭ | ṭ | ţ | t | t as in tank |
| U+0638 | ظ | z | ẓ | ẓ | z̧/ẓ[c] | ẓ | ẓ | z̧ | z | Z as in zero |
| U+0639 | ع | ∅ | ʿ | ʻ | ʼ[b] | ʻ | ʻ | ʿ | ʿ | - as in Uh-Oh |
| U+063A | غ | ɢ~ɣ | ġ | gh | gh | g͟h | ḡ | gh | q | French R |
| U+0641 | ف | f | f | F as in Fred | ||||||
| U+0642 | ق | ɢ~ɣ | q | ḳ | ḳ | q | French R | |||
| U+06A9 | ک | k | k | C as in card | ||||||
| U+06AF | گ | ɡ | g | G as in go | ||||||
| U+0644 | ل | l | l | L as in lamp | ||||||
| U+0645 | م | m | m | M as in Michael | ||||||
| U+0646 | ن | n | n | N as in name | ||||||
| U+0648 | و | v~w[a][d] | v | v, w[e] | v | V as in vision | ||||
| U+0647 | ه | h[a] | h | h | h[f] | h | h | h[f] | h[f] | H as in hot |
| U+0629 | ة | ∅, t | — | h[g] | — | t[h] | h[g] | — | — | |
| U+06CC | ی | j[a] | y | Y as in Yale | ||||||
| U+0621 | ء | ʔ, ∅ | ʾ | ʼ | ʾ | |||||
| U+0624 | ؤ | ʔ, ∅ | ʾ | ʼ | ʾ | |||||
| U+0626 | ئ | ʔ, ∅ | ʾ | ʼ | ʾ | |||||
元音表
| Unicode | 尾 | 中 | 前 | 獨立 | IPA | DMG (1969) | ALA-LC (1997) | BGN/PCGN (1958) | EI (2012) | UN (1967) | UN (2012) | 英語發音 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U+064E | ◌َ | ◌َ | اَ | ◌َ | /æ̞/ | a | a | a | a | a | a | A as in cat |
| U+064F | ◌ُ | ◌ُ | اُ | ◌ُ | o | o | o | o | u | o | o | O as in go |
| U+0648 U+064F | ◌ﻮَ | ◌ﻮَ | — | ◌وَ | o[j] | o | o | o | u | o | o | O as in go |
| U+0650 | ◌ِ | ◌ِ | اِ | ◌ِ | e | e | i | e | e | e | e | E as in ten |
| U+064E U+0627 | ◌َا | ◌َا | آ | ◌َا | ɑː~ɒː | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | O as in hot |
| U+0622 | ◌ﺂ | ◌ﺂ | آ | ◌آ | ɑː~ɒː | ā, ʾā[k] | ā, ʼā[k] | ā | ā | ā | ā | O as in hot |
| U+064E U+06CC | ◌َﯽ | — | — | ◌َی | ɑː~ɒː | ā | á | á | ā | á | ā | O as in hot |
| U+06CC U+0670 | ◌ﯽٰ | — | — | ◌یٰ | ɑː~ɒː | ā | á | á | ā | ā | ā | O as in hot |
| U+064F U+0648 | ◌ُﻮ | ◌ُﻮ | اُو | ◌ُو | uː, oː[e] | ū | ū | ū | u, ō[e] | ū | u | U as in actual |
| U+0650 U+06CC | ◌ِﯽ | ◌ِﯿ | اِﯾ | ◌ِی | iː, eː[e] | ī | ī | ī | i, ē[e] | ī | i | Y as in happy |
| U+064E U+0648 | ◌َﻮ | ◌َﻮ | اَو | ◌َو | ow~aw[e] | au | aw | ow | ow, aw[e] | ow | ow | O as in go |
| U+064E U+06CC | ◌َﯽ | ◌َﯿ | اَﯾ | ◌َی | ej~aj[e] | ai | ay | ey | ey, ay[e] | ey | ey | Ay as in play |
| U+064E U+06CC | ◌ﯽ | — | — | ◌ی | –e, –je | –e, –ye | –i, –yi | –e, –ye | –e, –ye | –e, –ye | –e, –ye | Ye as in yes |
| U+06C0 | ◌ﮥ | — | — | ◌ﮤ | –je | –ye | –ʼi | –ye | –ye | –ye | –ye | Ye as in yes |
其他拉丁化方案
巴哈伊正字法
| 巴哈伊信仰 |
|---|
 |
| 核心人物 |
| 重要著作 |
| 机构 |
| 历史 |
| 人物 |
| 圣地 |
| 其他 |
巴哈伊信仰的文本使用标准正字法系统将波斯语和阿拉伯语字母罗马化。 巴哈伊文献中使用的系统设定于 1923 年，虽然它是基于当时通用的标准，但它有自己的修改，使其独一无二。主要有：通過下劃綫組合字母，如s͟h(š)；阿拉伯語定冠詞“al-”在太陽字母後要體現al-ʼidg͟hám（并入的讀法原則），如ar-Raḥím,aṣ-Ṣaddíq(al-Raḥím,al-Ṣaddíq)。他還使用了一些體現伊朗波斯語語音特點的拼法，如用“v”代“w”；部分拼法體現了伊斯法罕口音特征，如Mihdí(Mahdí)。然而在網絡交流和個別正式書寫中，下劃綫、下標點、乃至尖音符會被省略。
守基·阿芬迪 (Shoghi Effendi) ，是巴哈伊教第一代聖護，1921 年至 1957 年间的宗教领袖，创建了巴哈伊正字法系统，并在 1923 年通过几封信与世界各地的巴哈伊教徒分享了常用术语示例列表[8] 对标准化音译的明确需求是“避免未来的混乱，并确保在这个问题上的一致性，这是目前所有巴哈伊文献中非常需要的”。 [9]根据该标准，最常见的术语是“Bahá´í”、“Bahá´ís”、“Báb”、“Bahá´u'lláh”和“Abdu'l-Bahá”，使用重音符号来区分长元音，并升高转向与凸起逗号分别区分ayin和海姆宰, [l] 。 [10]
自从巴哈伊采用了他们的系统以来，中东学者以各种方式修改了 1894 年采用的标准学术系统，并创建了一个独立的、相关的波斯语书写系统（主要变化是使用 e 和 o）。 然而，巴哈伊系统现在已被用来以多种语言印刷数以千计的书籍和小册子，因此对其进行修改会造成混乱，并迫使作者使用两种不同的拼写系统（一种用于精确引用的段落，另一种用于其余的内容）。文本）。
塔吉克語拉丁字母
前伊斯蘭時期
在前伊斯蘭時期，古波斯語和中古波斯語使用了各種字母之文字架構，包括古波斯楔形文字、巴列維文字和阿維斯坦字母。每個時期都有著名的語言學家來建立轉錄及記音等之體系。[11][12][13][14]
| IPA | 古波斯語[i][ii] | 中古波斯語 (巴列維)[i] |
阿維斯坦[i] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consonants | |||
| p | p | ||
| f | f | ||
| b | b | ||
| β~ʋ~w | — | β | β/w |
| t | t | t, t̰ | |
| θ | θ/ϑ | ||
| d | d | ||
| ð | — | (δ) | δ |
| θr | ç/ϑʳ | θʳ/ϑʳ | |
| s | s | ||
| z | z | ||
| ʃ | š | š, š́, ṣ̌ | |
| ʒ | ž | ||
| c~tʃ | c/č | ||
| ɟ~dʒ | j/ǰ | ||
| k | k | ||
| x | x | x, x́ | |
| xʷ | xʷ/xᵛ | ||
| g | g | g, ġ | |
| ɣ | ɣ/γ | ||
| h | h | ||
| m | m | m, m̨ | |
| ŋ | — | ŋ, ŋʷ | |
| ŋʲ | — | ŋ́ | |
| n | n | n, ń, ṇ | |
| r | r | ||
| l | l | ||
| w~ʋ~v | v | w | v |
| j | y | y, ẏ | |
| Vowels | |||
| Short | |||
| a | a | ||
| ã | — | ą, ą̇ | |
| ə | — | ə | |
| e | — | (e) | e |
| i | i | ||
| o | — | (o) | o |
| u | u | ||
| Long | |||
| aː | ā | ||
| ɑː~ɒː | — | å/ā̊ | |
| ə | — | ə̄ | |
| əː | — | ē | |
| iː | ī | ||
| oː | — | ō | |
| uː | ū | ||
註記:
哈菲茲的詩作
拉丁化示例 (哈菲茲的詩)
یوسف گم گشته باز آید به کنعان غم مخور
کلبه ی احزان شود روزی گلستان غم مخور
- The lost Joseph will get back to Canaan don't be sad
- The hut of madness will become a garden one day, don't be sad
註解
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Used as a vowel as well.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.
- ^ At the beginning of words the combination ⟨خو⟩ was pronounced /xw/ or /xʷ/ in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide /ʷ/ has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination /xʷa/ was changed to /xo/ (see below).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 In Dari.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Not transliterated at the end of words.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 In the combination ⟨یة⟩ at the end of words.
- ^ When used instead of ⟨ت⟩ at the end of words.
- ^ Diacritical signs (harakat) are rarely written.
- ^ After ⟨خ⟩ from the earlier /xʷa/. Often transliterated as xwa or xva. For example, خور /xor/ "sun" was /xʷar/ in Classical Persian.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 After vowels.
- ^ /ʕ/ (ⓘ) vs /ʔ/ (ⓘ)
註釋
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Persian (PDF). UNGEGN. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-02）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 New Persian Romanization System. E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York, 31 July – 9 August 2012.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Pedersen, Thomas T. Persian (Farsi) (PDF). Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-10）.
- ^ Persian (PDF). The Library of Congress. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-25）.
- ^ Romanization system for Persian (Dari and Farsi). BGN/PCGN 1958 System (PDF). [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-15）.
- ^ Transliteration. Encyclopædia Iranica. [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-26）.
- ^ Toponymic Guidelines for map and other editors – Revised edition 1998. Working Paper No. 41 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. UNGEGN, 20th session. New York, 17–28 January 2000.
- ^ See letters of 12 March 1923, 9 April 1923, and 26 November 1923, published in Effendi 1974.
- ^ Effendi 1974，第43頁.
- ^ The apostrophe and the two apostrophe-like letters are distinguished in the name ʻAbdu'l-Baháʼ. All three are typically ignored when speaking in English, but reflect different pronunciations in Arabic and Persian (Winters 2002).
- ^ Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strassburg. 1904: XXIII.
- ^ Kent, Roland G. Old Persian. New Heaven, Connecticut. 1950: 12–13.
- ^ MacKenzie, D. N. Transcription. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London. 1971 [2021-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.
- ^ Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard. Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck. 1996: 41–44. ISBN 3-85124-652-7.
參閱
外部連結
- Comparison of DMG, UN, ALA-LC, BGN/PCGN, EI, ISO 233-3 transliterations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Iranian Committee on the Standardization of Geographical Names (ICSGN) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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