氯化镓

氯化镓
别名	氯化镓(III); 三氯化镓
识别
CAS号	13450-90-3
PubChem	26010
ChemSpider	24229
SMILES	Cl[Ga](Cl)Cl;
InChI	1/3ClH.Ga/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3;
InChIKey	UPWPDUACHOATKO-DFZHHIFOAO
RTECS	LW9100000
性质
化学式	GaCl3
摩尔质量	176.073 g/mol g·mol⁻¹
外观	无色晶体
密度	2.47 g/cm3; 2.053 g/cm3 熔点时
熔点	77.9 °C（351 K）
沸点	201 °C（474 K）
溶解性（水）	极易溶
溶解性	可溶于苯、CCl4、CS2
磁化率	−63.0·10−6 cm3/mol
危险性
NFPA 704	0 3 1
闪点	不可燃
	致死量或浓度：
LD50（中位剂量）	4700 mg/kg (大鼠, 口服)
相关物质
其他阴离子	氟化镓; 溴化镓; 碘化镓
其他阳离子	氯化铝; 三氯化铟; 三氯化铊
	若非注明，所有数据均出自标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

氯化镓是一种无机化合物，化学式GaCl₃，固态的氯化镓以二聚体形式Ga₂Cl₆存在。^[1]它是无色或白色的固体，可溶于大部分溶剂，甚至能溶于烷烃，这一溶解特性在金属卤化物里很罕见。它的路易斯酸性比氯化铝弱。^[2]

制备

氯化镓可由金属镓在氯气加热反应，然后用升华提纯而得到。^[3]

2 Ga + 3 Cl₂ → 2 GaCl₃

它也可以由氧化镓与氯化亚砜反应而成：^[4]

Ga₂O₃ + 3 SOCl₂ → 2 GaCl₃ + 3 SO₂

它的水溶液在加热（170 °C）蒸干时，只能得到Ga(OH)Cl₂·H₂O，而非GaCl₃。^[5]

反应

氯化镓和二甲氨基锂反应，可以得到Ga[N(CH₃)₂]₃或ClGa[N(CH₃)₂]₂，二甲氨基锂过量时，可以得到LiGa[N(CH₃)₂]₄；它和二(三甲基硅基)氨基钠反应，可以得到Ga{N[Si(CH₃)₃]₂}₃。^[6]在锂存在下，它和三甲基氯硅烷反应，可以得到Ga[Si(CH₃)₃]₃。^[7]

它和三甲基硅基二叔丁基锑反应，可以得到含Ga₃Sb₃环的化合物{Cl₂GaSb[C(CH₃)₃]₂}₃。^[8]它可以和[PCl₂N]₃形成加合物[PCl₂N]₃·GaCl₃，其中N参与配位。^[9]

它和六氧化二氯反应，可以得到高氯酸镓。^[10]它和金属镓加热反应，可以得到二氯化镓。^[11]它在加热时也可以被铝还原，得到Ga[AlCl₄]。^[12]它和氯化亚铜反应，可以得到CuGaCl₄。^[13]它在加热下可以和氧化锂或硫属化锂发生放热反应：^[14]

3 GaCl₃ + 5 Li₂O → 9 LiCl + LiGaO₂ + Ga₂O₃

3 GaCl₃ + 3 Li₂E → 6 LiCl + Li₂E₃ （E=S, Se, Te）

参考文献

^ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
^ Timoshkin, Alexey Y.; Bodensteiner, Michael; Sevastianova, Tatiana N.; Lisovenko, Anna S.; Davydova, Elena I.; Scheer, Manfred; Graßl, Christian; Butlak, Alina V. Do Solid-State Structures Reflect Lewis Acidity Trends of Heavier Group 13 Trihalides? Experimental and Theoretical Case Study. Inorganic Chemistry. 9 October 2012, 51 (21): 11602–11611. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 23043542. doi:10.1021/ic301507c. eISSN 1520-510X.
^ Richards, Theodore W.; Craig, W. M.; Sameshima, J. THE PURIFICATION BY SUBLIMATION AND THE ANALYSIS OF GALLIUM CHLORIDE.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. February 1919, 41 (2): 131–132 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01459a001. eISSN 1520-5126. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.
^ Georg Brauer, Gallium(III)-chlorid, Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag: pp. 635f （德文）
^ Ivanov, M. G.; Vashchenko, S. D.; Denisova, T. A.; Kalinichenko, I. I. Preparation and study of properties of gallium hydroxide chloride (Ga(OH)Cl₂) and bromide (Ga(OH)Br₂) monohydrates. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii. 1989, 34 (2): 329–331. ISSN 0044-457X （俄语）. CODEN ZNOKAQ
^ Noeth, H.; Konrad, P. Preparation, structure, and some reactions of tris(dimethylamino)gallane. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil B: Anorganische Chemie, Organische Chemie. 1975, 30B (9-10): 681–687. ISSN 0340-5087 （德语）. CODEN ZNBAD2.
^ Roesch, Lutz; Neumann, Heinrich. Synthesis and properties of the first organosilylgallium compounds. Angewandte Chemie. 1980, 92 (1): 62–63. ISSN 0044-8249 （德语）.
^ Cowley, Alan H.; Jones, Richard A.; Kidd, Kenneth B.; Nunn, Christine M.; Westmoreland, Donald L. The conformations of six-membered indium-arsenic and gallium-antimony rings. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. March 1988, 341 (1–3): C1–C5 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0022-328X. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(88)89111-3. （原始内容存档于2018-06-27）.
^ Heston, Amy J.; Panzner, Matthew J.; Youngs, Wiley J.; Tessier, Claire A. Lewis Acid Adducts of [PCl₂N]₃. Inorganic Chemistry. 16 August 2005, 44 (19): 6518–6520 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 16156607. doi:10.1021/ic050974y. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.
^ Chaabouni, Moncef; Pascal, Jean L.; Pavia, Andre C.; Potier, Jacqueline; Potier, Antoine. Tris(perchlorato)gallium, Ga(ClO₄)₃; synthesis and molecular structure. Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses. 1977, (3): 80–81. ISSN 0308-2342. CODEN JRPSDC
^ Beamish, J. C.; Wilkinson, M.; Worrall, I. J. Facile synthesis of the lower valent halides of gallium, Ga₂X₄ (X = chloride, bromide, iodide) and tetragallium hexaiodide. Inorganic Chemistry. 1 July 1978, 17 (7): 2026–2027 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. doi:10.1021/ic50185a069. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.
^ Staffel, Thomas; Meyer, Gerd. The distinction of gallium(I) tetrachloroaluminate, Ga[AlCl₄], from gallium dichloride. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. September 1987, 552 (9): 108–112 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2313. doi:10.1002/zaac.19875520912. eISSN 1521-3749. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.
^ Hönle, W. Crystal structure of copper(I) tetrachlorogallate, CuGaCl₄. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. January 1990, 191 (1–2): 141–142 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2968. doi:10.1524/zkri.1990.191.1-2.141. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.
^ Fitzmaurice, J. C.; Parkin, I. P. SELF PROPAGATING ROUTES TO GALLIUM AND INDIUM CHALCOGENIDES. Main Group Metal Chemistry. January 1994, 17 (7) [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0792-1241. doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.7.481. eISSN 2191-0219. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

拓展阅读

Amemiya, Ryo; Yamaguchi, Masahiko. GaCl₃ in Organic Synthesis. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 28 November 2005, 2005 (24): 5145–5150 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 1434-193X. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200500512. eISSN 1099-0690. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

[1] Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.

[2] Timoshkin, Alexey Y.; Bodensteiner, Michael; Sevastianova, Tatiana N.; Lisovenko, Anna S.; Davydova, Elena I.; Scheer, Manfred; Graßl, Christian; Butlak, Alina V. Do Solid-State Structures Reflect Lewis Acidity Trends of Heavier Group 13 Trihalides? Experimental and Theoretical Case Study. Inorganic Chemistry. 9 October 2012, 51 (21): 11602–11611. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 23043542. doi:10.1021/ic301507c. eISSN 1520-510X.

[3] Richards, Theodore W.; Craig, W. M.; Sameshima, J. THE PURIFICATION BY SUBLIMATION AND THE ANALYSIS OF GALLIUM CHLORIDE.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. February 1919, 41 (2): 131–132 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01459a001. eISSN 1520-5126. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

[4] Georg Brauer, Gallium(III)-chlorid, Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag: pp. 635f （德文）

[5] Ivanov, M. G.; Vashchenko, S. D.; Denisova, T. A.; Kalinichenko, I. I. Preparation and study of properties of gallium hydroxide chloride (Ga(OH)Cl₂) and bromide (Ga(OH)Br₂) monohydrates. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii. 1989, 34 (2): 329–331. ISSN 0044-457X （俄语）. CODEN ZNOKAQ

[6] Noeth, H.; Konrad, P. Preparation, structure, and some reactions of tris(dimethylamino)gallane. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil B: Anorganische Chemie, Organische Chemie. 1975, 30B (9-10): 681–687. ISSN 0340-5087 （德语）. CODEN ZNBAD2.

[7] Roesch, Lutz; Neumann, Heinrich. Synthesis and properties of the first organosilylgallium compounds. Angewandte Chemie. 1980, 92 (1): 62–63. ISSN 0044-8249 （德语）.

[8] Cowley, Alan H.; Jones, Richard A.; Kidd, Kenneth B.; Nunn, Christine M.; Westmoreland, Donald L. The conformations of six-membered indium-arsenic and gallium-antimony rings. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. March 1988, 341 (1–3): C1–C5 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0022-328X. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(88)89111-3. （原始内容存档于2018-06-27）.

[9] Heston, Amy J.; Panzner, Matthew J.; Youngs, Wiley J.; Tessier, Claire A. Lewis Acid Adducts of [PCl₂N]₃. Inorganic Chemistry. 16 August 2005, 44 (19): 6518–6520 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 16156607. doi:10.1021/ic050974y. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

[10] Chaabouni, Moncef; Pascal, Jean L.; Pavia, Andre C.; Potier, Jacqueline; Potier, Antoine. Tris(perchlorato)gallium, Ga(ClO₄)₃; synthesis and molecular structure. Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses. 1977, (3): 80–81. ISSN 0308-2342. CODEN JRPSDC

[11] Beamish, J. C.; Wilkinson, M.; Worrall, I. J. Facile synthesis of the lower valent halides of gallium, Ga₂X₄ (X = chloride, bromide, iodide) and tetragallium hexaiodide. Inorganic Chemistry. 1 July 1978, 17 (7): 2026–2027 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. doi:10.1021/ic50185a069. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

[12] Staffel, Thomas; Meyer, Gerd. The distinction of gallium(I) tetrachloroaluminate, Ga[AlCl₄], from gallium dichloride. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. September 1987, 552 (9): 108–112 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2313. doi:10.1002/zaac.19875520912. eISSN 1521-3749. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

[13] Hönle, W. Crystal structure of copper(I) tetrachlorogallate, CuGaCl₄. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. January 1990, 191 (1–2): 141–142 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2968. doi:10.1524/zkri.1990.191.1-2.141. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

[14] Fitzmaurice, J. C.; Parkin, I. P. SELF PROPAGATING ROUTES TO GALLIUM AND INDIUM CHALCOGENIDES. Main Group Metal Chemistry. January 1994, 17 (7) [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0792-1241. doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.7.481. eISSN 2191-0219. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.

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