尾蛛目

尾蛛目; 化石时期：吉维特期至空谷期 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	艺术家绘制的毒首蛛属（英语：Attercopus）复原图
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	蛛形纲 Arachnida
演化支：	泛四肺類 Pantetrapulmonata
演化支：	四肺類 Tetrapulmonata
目：	†尾蛛目 Uraraneida; Selden & Shear, 2008
属
	†毒首蛛属（英语：Attercopus） Attercopus; †彼尔姆蛛属（英语：Permarachne） Permarachne; †?奇美拉蛛属 Chimerarachne;

尾蛛目（學名：Uraraneida）是一类已灭绝的古生代蛛形纲动物，与现代蜘蛛有亲缘关系。目前有两个属可以明确归类为该目：发现于美国泥盆纪地层的毒首蛛属（英语：Attercopus）和俄罗斯二叠纪地层的彼尔姆蛛属（英语：Permarachne）。与蜘蛛一样，它们也能产生丝，但缺乏现代蜘蛛特有的丝囊，并保留了细长的尾鞭。

特征

第一块被归为该目的化石是在纽约的吉尔博亚发现的。1987年，这块化石最初被暂时归入已灭绝的角怖目（英语：Trigonotarbida），并被命名为Gelasinotarbus？fimbriunguis。^[2]后来，基于所谓的丝囊，它被认为是一种蜘蛛，并被命名为须爪毒首蛛（Attercopus fimbriunguis）。^[3]后来发现了该物种的更多标本，在与属于彼尔姆蛛属的标本一同研究时发现了它们与蜘蛛不一致的特征。虽然有产丝的龙头，但它们是沿着腹板的后缘生长的，而不是像蜘蛛那样有一个附肢状的丝囊。这些标本的腹部末端有一根长而有节的尾鞭，这是蜘蛛所没有的特征，但存在于其他蛛形纲动物中，如鞭蝎目。^[4]

系统发生学与分类

2014年的一项研究将尾蛛目归入四肺类（英语：Tetrapulmonata），这是一个由两对书肺的变形（共有衍征）定义的蛛形纲动物分支。四肺类动物分为两个主要分支，其中一个是纺织类（英语：Serikodiastida）（Serikodiastida，希腊语意为“丝绸工人”），该分支包含尾蛛目和蜘蛛目，这两个目都拥有生成并使用丝的能力。^[5]

文德利希（Wunderlich）在2015年基于同一系统发育学分析提出的另一种分类法将尾蛛目列为蜘蛛目的一个亚目，将“真正的蜘蛛”归为蜘蛛亚目。^[6]

塞尔登（Selden）等人	文德利希
纺织类 Serikodiastida 尾蛛目 Uraraneida 蜘蛛目 Araneae	蜘蛛目 Araneae 尾蛛亚目 Uraraneida 蜘蛛亚目 Araneida

2016年，一块发现于宾夕法尼亚世（晚石炭世）地层的蛛形纲化石被描述为布氏父蛛（英语：Idmonarachne）（Idmonarachne brasieri)。它类似于没有产丝器官的尾蛛目，但与尾蛛目不同的是，它的外表类似于真正的蜘蛛。晚石炭纪似乎是四肺类物种更丰富的时期，尾蛛目只是其中的一个类群。^[7]2018年，两个研究小组同时描述了一个新的分类群——来自缅甸中白垩世地层的奇美拉蛛属，它被认为是尾蛛目的成员。^[7]^[8] 后来的研究认为，它比尾蛛目更接近真正的蜘蛛，因为它具有尾蛛目没有的丝囊。^[9]

属与种

敦洛普（Dunlop）等人于2015年介绍了两个物种：^[10]

毒首蛛属（英语：Attercopus） Attercopus Selden & Shear, 1991
- 须爪毒首蛛 Attercopus fimbriunguis (Shear, Selden & Rolfe, 1987) – 泥盆纪；纽约吉尔博亚
彼尔姆蛛属（英语：Permarachne） Permarachne Eskov & Selden, 2005
- 诺氏彼尔姆蛛 Permarachne novokshonovi Eskov & Selden, 2005 – 二叠纪；马特维耶夫卡（Matveyevka），彼尔姆边疆区，俄罗斯

参考资料

^ Huang, Diying; Hormiga, Gustavo; Cai, Chenyang; Su, Yitong; Yin, Zongjun; Xia, Fangyuan; Giribet, Gonzalo. Origin of spiders and their spinning organs illuminated by mid-Cretaceous amber fossils. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018-02-05, 2 (4): 623–627. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0475-9 （英语）.
^ Shear, William A.; Selden, Paul A.; Rolfe, W.D.I.; Bonamo, Patricia M. & Grierson, James D., New terrestrial arachnids from the Devonian of Gilboa, New York, American Museum Novitates, 1987, (2901): 1–74, hdl:2246/5166
^ Selden, Paul A.; Shear, William A. & Bonamo, Patricia M., A spider and other arachnids from the Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of Devonian Araneae, Palaeontology, 1991, 34: 241–281
^ Selden, P.A.; Shear, W.A. & Sutton, M.D., Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets, and a proposed arachnid order, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008, 105 (52): 20781–20785, PMC 2634869 , PMID 19104044, doi:10.1073/pnas.0809174106 
^ Garwood, Russell J. & Dunlop, Jason, Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders, PeerJ, 2014, 2: e641, PMC 4232842 , PMID 25405073, doi:10.7717/peerj.641 
^ Wunderlich, J., On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Burmese (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae), Wunderlich, J. (编), Beiträge zur Araneologie 9: 21, 2015 , cited in Dunlop，Penney & Jekel (2015, p. 127)
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Huang, Diying; Hormiga, Gustavo; Cai, Chenyang; Su, Yitong; Yin, Zongjun; Xia, Fangyuan; Giribet, Gonzalo, Origin of spiders and their spinning organs illuminated by mid-Cretaceous amber fossils, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 2 (4): 623–627, Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..623H, ISSN 2397-334X, PMID 29403076, S2CID 3268135, doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0475-9
^ Wang, Bo; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Garwood, Russell J.; Shear, William A.; Müller, Patrick; Lei, Xiaojie, Cretaceous arachnid Chimerarachne yingi gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 2 (4): 614–622, Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..614W, ISSN 2397-334X, PMID 29403075, S2CID 4239867, doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3
^ Dunlop, Jason A. Spider Origins: a Palaeontological Perspective. Arachnology. 2022-06-27, 19 (sp1). ISSN 2050-9928. S2CID 250148030. doi:10.13156/arac.2022.19.sp1.182.
^ Dunlop, J.A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D., A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives (PDF), World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), 2015 [2016-03-20]

[:1-1] Huang, Diying; Hormiga, Gustavo; Cai, Chenyang; Su, Yitong; Yin, Zongjun; Xia, Fangyuan; Giribet, Gonzalo. Origin of spiders and their spinning organs illuminated by mid-Cretaceous amber fossils. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018-02-05, 2 (4): 623–627. ISSN 2397-334X. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0475-9 （英语）.

[SheaSeldRolfBona87-2] Shear, William A.; Selden, Paul A.; Rolfe, W.D.I.; Bonamo, Patricia M. & Grierson, James D., New terrestrial arachnids from the Devonian of Gilboa, New York, American Museum Novitates, 1987, (2901): 1–74, hdl:2246/5166

[SeldSheaBona91-3] Selden, Paul A.; Shear, William A. & Bonamo, Patricia M., A spider and other arachnids from the Devonian of New York, and reinterpretations of Devonian Araneae, Palaeontology, 1991, 34: 241–281

[SeldSheaSutt08-4] Selden, P.A.; Shear, W.A. & Sutton, M.D., Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets, and a proposed arachnid order, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2008, 105 (52): 20781–20785, PMC 2634869 , PMID 19104044, doi:10.1073/pnas.0809174106 

[GarwDunl14-5] Garwood, Russell J. & Dunlop, Jason, Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders, PeerJ, 2014, 2: e641, PMC 4232842 , PMID 25405073, doi:10.7717/peerj.641 

[Wund15-6] Wunderlich, J., On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Burmese (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae), Wunderlich, J. (编), Beiträge zur Araneologie 9: 21, 2015 , cited in Dunlop，Penney & Jekel (2015, p. 127)

[HuangHormiga2018-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Huang, Diying; Hormiga, Gustavo; Cai, Chenyang; Su, Yitong; Yin, Zongjun; Xia, Fangyuan; Giribet, Gonzalo, Origin of spiders and their spinning organs illuminated by mid-Cretaceous amber fossils, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 2 (4): 623–627, Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..623H, ISSN 2397-334X, PMID 29403076, S2CID 3268135, doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0475-9

[WangDunlop2018-8] Wang, Bo; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Garwood, Russell J.; Shear, William A.; Müller, Patrick; Lei, Xiaojie, Cretaceous arachnid Chimerarachne yingi gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2018, 2 (4): 614–622, Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..614W, ISSN 2397-334X, PMID 29403075, S2CID 4239867, doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3

[9] Dunlop, Jason A. Spider Origins: a Palaeontological Perspective. Arachnology. 2022-06-27, 19 (sp1). ISSN 2050-9928. S2CID 250148030. doi:10.13156/arac.2022.19.sp1.182.

[DunlPennJeke15-10] Dunlop, J.A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D., A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives (PDF), World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), 2015 [2016-03-20]

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