User:胡葡萄/DYK合作計劃/Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars/Introduction

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Map of the Northern Song
Northern Song (pink)
Map of the Jin and Southern Song
Southern Song (pink)
The Song dynasty before and after the Jurchen conquests
A painting of a man with a black goatee looking to the left of the viewer while wearing a red shirt and a black hat, all in front of a grey background
Emperor Qinzong of Song was imprisoned and taken north to Manchuria as a hostage of the Jin dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars.

The campaigns of the Jin–Song Wars were conducted by the Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Song dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Jurchens were a Tungusic–speaking tribal confederation native to Manchuria. They overthrew the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1122 and declared the establishment of a new dynasty, the Jin.[1] Diplomatic relations between the Jin and Song deteriorated, and the Jurchens declared war against the Song dynasty in November 1125, thereby initiating the Jin–Song Wars.[2]

Two armies were dispatched against the Song. One army captured the provincial capital of Taiyuan, while the other besieged the Song capital of Kaifeng. The Jurchens withdrew when the Song promised to pay an annual indemnity.[3] As the Song dynasty weakened, the Jin armies conducted a second siege against Kaifeng. The city was captured and looted, and the Song dynasty emperor, Emperor Qinzong, was imprisoned and taken north to Manchuria as a hostage.[4] The remainder of the Song court retreated to southern China, beginning the Southern Song period of Chinese history.[1] Two puppet governments, first the Da Chu dynasty and later the state of Qi, were established by the Jin as buffer states between the Song and Manchuria.[5]

The Jurchens marched southward with the aim of conquering the Southern Song, but counteroffensives by Chinese generals like Yue Fei halted their advance.[6] A peace accord, the Treaty of Shaoxing, was negotiated and ratified in 1142, establishing the Huai River as the boundary between the two empires.[7] Peace between the Song and Jin was interrupted twice.[8] Emperor Hailingwang of Jin invaded the Southern Song in 1161,[9] while Song revanchists tried and failed to retake northern China in 1204.[10]

The Jin–Song Wars were notable for the appearance of new technological innovations. The siege of De'an in 1132 included the first recorded use of the fire lance, an early gunpowder weapon and an ancestor of the firearm.[11] The huopao, an incendiary bomb, was employed in a number of battles[12] and gunpowder bombs made of cast iron were used in a siege in 1221.[13] The Jurchens migrated south and settled in northern China, where they adopted the language and Confucian culture of the local inhabitants.[1] The Jin dynasty government grew into a centralized imperial bureaucracy structured in the same manner as previous dynasties of China.[14] Both the Song and Jin dynasties ended in the 13th century as the Mongol Empire expanded across Asia.[15]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Holcombe 2011，第129頁.
  2. ^ Lorge 2005，第52頁.
  3. ^ Lorge 2005，第52–53頁.
  4. ^ Franke 1994，第229頁.
  5. ^ Franke 1994，第229–230頁.
  6. ^ Mote 2003，第299頁.
  7. ^ Beckwith 2009，第175頁.
  8. ^ Franke 1994，第239頁.
  9. ^ Franke 1994，第241頁.
  10. ^ Franke 1994，第248頁.
  11. ^ Chase 2003，第31頁.
  12. ^ Partington 1960，第263–264頁.
  13. ^ Lorge 2008，第41頁.
  14. ^ Franke 1994，第235頁.
  15. ^ Lorge 2005，第73頁.
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