路面電車與輕軌系統列表 ,列出世界 各城市 營運中的路面電車 與輕軌 系統。由于不同地区对路面電車、輕軌等中低运量轨道交通分类标准不同,本列表分类,以当地分类为準。
请注意:為方便起見,所有位於俄羅斯 境內的系統,包括亞洲內的系統,都列於此條目的#歐洲 部分,埃及 境内也基于相同理由列于此条目的#非洲 部分。
非洲
亞洲
東亞
東南亞與南亞
中亞與西亞
歐洲
為方便起見,所有位於哈萨克斯坦 及土耳其 境內的系統,包括歐洲內的系統,都列於此條目的#亞洲 部分。
北美洲
南美洲
大洋洲
參見
註釋
参考文獻
^ 1.0 1.1 Khadige, Béatrice. Le tramway d'Alger est enfin entré en service [The Algiers tramway finally opens for service] . Paris: Agence France-Presse . 8 May 2011 [5 July 2013] (法语) .
^ Constantine tramway opens . Railway Gazette International . 5 July 2013 [2015-09-23 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-06-20).
^ "Oran tramway opens for business, with more Algerian LRT to come" (June 2013). Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, p. 212. LRTA Publishing (UK).
^ Alioua, Houria. Le tramway de Ouargla mis en service [Ouargla tramway put into service] . El Watan (SPA El Watan Presse). 20 March 2018 [2018-03-21 ] . (原始内容存档 于2018-03-20) (法语) .
^ First tram line inaugurated in the city of Sétif, Algeria . www.globalrailnews.com. Rail Media Company. 9 May 2018 [2018-05-11 ] . (原始内容 存档于2018-05-09).
^ Sidi Bel Abbès opens for business . Tramways & Urban Transit (LRTA Publishing Ltd). 8 August 2017 [2017-11-05 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-28).
^ About APTA . Alexandria Passenger Transportation Authority (APTA). [2015-11-14 ] . (原始内容存档 于2016-07-25).
^ Lücker, Christian. Mega-City mit Rumpel-Tram [Mega-city with rumble tram]. Straßenbahn Magazin. No. 7/18 (GeraMond Verlag GmbH). 22 June 2018: 36–39. ISSN 0340-7071 (德语) .
^ Ilbert, Robert. Heliopolis: Colonial Enterprise and Town Planning Success (PDF) . Evin, Ahmet (编). The Expanding Metropolis: Coping with the Urban Growth of Cairo. Singapore: Concept Media/Aga Khan Award for Architecture. 1985: 36–37 [2018-03-04 ] . (原始内容 (PDF) 存档于2021-12-23) –通过archnet.org .
^ Addis Ababa light rail opens . Railway Gazette International . 21 September 2015 [2015-09-23 ] . (原始内容存档 于2015-09-26).
^ Republic of Mauritius- Commercial operation service of Metro Express kicks off today . www.govmu.org. [2021-03-19 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-06-04).
^ Mauritius Metro Express starts revenue service! . Urban Transport Magazine. 2020-01-10 [2021-03-19 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-04-23) (美国英语) .
^ Royal opening launches Casablanca trams . Railway Gazette International . 14 December 2012 [2015-09-23 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-26).
^ 14.0 14.1 Rabat Trams: Routes and times . Railways Africa Magazine. 14 June 2011 [2013-07-12 ] . (原始内容存档 于2013-12-13).
^ Tunis Light Rail Development, Tunisia . Railway-Technology.com. [2015-09-23 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-05-18).
^ Getting Around Dalian . TravelChinaGuide.com. [2013-09-02 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-06-26).
^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Chen, Chia-Lin. Modern Tram and Public Transport Integration in Chinese Cities: A case study of Suzhou (pdf) . International Transport Forum (ITF) : 15. July 2017 [2018-03-17 ] . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2021-03-08).
^ Getting Around Changchun . TravelChinaGuide.com. [2013-09-02 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-12-01).
^ A quiet revolution: China’s new city tramways . Tramways & Urban Transit (LRTA Publishing Ltd). 14 April 2015 [2018-03-17 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-28).
^ Beijing Subway Blueprint: Beijing opens 3 new subway lines . CGTN - China Global Television Network . 30 December 2017 [2017-12-31 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-12-07).
^ 亦庄T1线什么时候能够开通? . 人民网. 2020-08-26 [2020-11-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-22).
^ Barrow, Keith. Shanghai Songjiang Tramway opens . International Railway Journal (Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation). 26 December 2018 [2019-02-11 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-02-12).
^ Suzhou tramway opens . Railway Gazette International . 2014-10-28 [2016-03-14 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-06-09).
^ Qingdao opens fuel cell tram route . Railway Gazette International . 7 March 2016 [2016-03-14 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-26).
^ Shenzhen opens first tram line . www.xinhuanet.com. Xinhua News Agency . 29 October 2017 [2018-03-17 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-12-05).
^ [ =chengdu&no_cache=1 Chengdu tramway in service ]. Metro Report International. [2019-02-07 ] . [永久失效連結 ]
^ 佛山高明有轨电车停运:投入运营不到五年,财政支出近3.5亿 . 界面新闻. 2024-08-10 [2024-08-13 ] . (原始内容存档 于2024-08-13).
^ 三亞有軌電車開通載客運營 - . 维基新闻. 2020-10-13 [2022-01-05 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-01-20) (中文) .
^ 浙江首条有轨电车一期工程示范段今天开通 出站徒步10分钟可到南湖纪念馆_城生活_新民网 . newsxmwb.xinmin.cn. 2021-06-25 [2021-06-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2021-06-25).
^ 30.0 30.1 Hong Kong Tramways, Limited . Hong Kong Tramways, Limited. 2011 [2013-07-13 ] . (原始内容存档 于2015-05-10).
^ 31.0 31.1 MTR - Getting Around - Light Rail & Bus Services . MTR. 2011 [2013-07-13 ] . (原始内容存档 于2014-05-15).
^ First section of Danhai Light Rail System opens . Taipei Times (The Liberty Times Group). 24 December 2018 [2018-12-23 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-25).
^ Terada, Hirokazu. データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Neko Publishing. 19 January 2013: 79. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4 (日语) .
^ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 Utsunomiya, Kiyohito. When will Japan choose Light Rail Transit? (PDF) . Japan Railway & Transport Review. No. 38 (EJRCF - East Japan Railway Culture Foundation). March 2004: 2 [2018-02-20 ] . (原始内容 (pdf) 存档于2016-05-01).
^ Hiroshima HIRODEN streetcars . [2009-08-01 ] . (原始内容 存档于2007-09-27).
^ Toden Arakawa Line . www.japanvisitor.com. [2018-02-20 ] . (原始内容存档 于2018-06-12).
^ Phipps, Andrew; Schwandl, Robert. Metros & Trams in Japan 1 . Robert Schwandl Verlag. 1 July 2016: 80. ISBN 978-3-936573-47-3 .
^ Hakodate city tram . [2009-08-01 ] . (原始内容 存档于2007-12-23).
^ 39.0 39.1 Koyama, Tetsuro. Light rail finds home in Toyama . The Japan Times (株式会社 ジャパン タイムズ [The Japan Times, Ltd.]). 2 November 2007 [2018-02-20 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-30).
^ Fukutetsu (Japanese) . [2019-06-04 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-05-13).
^ Terada, Hirokazu. データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Neko Publishing. 19 January 2013: 175. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4 (日语) .
^ Bone, Simon. Trams . www.pyongyang-metro.com. [2018-05-14 ] . (原始内容 存档于2017-10-26).
^ 43.0 43.1 Systems Factfile No.87 - Pyongyang, North Korea . Tramways & Urban Transit . No. 924 (LRTA Publishing Ltd.). December 2014: 511–515 [2018-05-14 ] . ISSN 1460-8324 . (原始内容 (pdf) 存档于2018-05-15) –通过www.applrguk.co.uk.
^ Systems Factfile No.87 - Pyongyang, North Korea . Tramways & Urban Transit . No. 924 (LRTA Publishing Ltd.). December 2014: 512 [2018-05-14 ] . ISSN 1460-8324 . (原始内容 (pdf) 存档于2018-05-15) –通过www.applrguk.co.uk.
^ History . The Calcutta Tramways Company Limited (CTC). 2014 [2015-08-17 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-03-02).
^ About the City (mentions tram) . [2019-06-04 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-07-06).
^ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Tramway operation resumes in Öskemen . Tramways & Urban Transit (LRTA Publishing Ltd). 6 June 2018 [2019-02-10 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-28).
^ Abugaliyeva, Meruyert. Two new eco-friendly trams added to ‘tram capital of Kazakhstan’ . The Astana Times (Svezhaya Pressa LLP). 26 February 2018 [2018-05-13 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-26).
^ Trams start to run in Samarkand . www.uzdaily.com. April 15, 2017 [2017-04-16 ] . (原始内容存档 于2017-04-17).
^ Citypass - Jerusalem Light Rail . Citypass. [2013-09-02 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-06-18).
^ Rosenberg, Oz. Jerusalem’s light rail system opens to the public after years of delays . Haaretz. 19 August 2011 [2013-09-02 ] . (原始内容存档 于2011-08-19).
^ 52.0 52.1 The Antalya Tramway . www.urbanrail.net. [2013-09-02 ] . (原始内容存档 于2017-09-26).
^ Antalya hafif raylı sistemle tanıştı [Antalya got acquainted with light rail system] . Milliyet (Demirören Holding). 25 December 2009 [2018-03-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2016-10-11) (土耳其语) .
^ Tramways & Urban Transit magazine, September 2011, p. 368. LRTA Publishing.
^ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 Babalik-Sutcliffe, Ela. 12 Turkey. Pojani, Dorina; Stead, Dominic (编). The Urban Transport Crisis in Emerging Economies . Springer International Publishing. 2016: 257 [2018-03-25 ] . ISBN 978-3-319-43849-8 . (原始内容存档 于2018-03-25).
^ Nostalgic Tramvay . www.iett.istanbul. İETT - İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmeleri. [2018-03-25 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-05-09).
^ Karşıyaka tram line opens in Izmir . Metro Report International (DVV Media UK Ltd). 12 April 2017 [2018-03-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2018-03-25).
^ Izmit tramway opens . Metro Report International (DVV Media UK Ltd). 19 June 2017 [2018-03-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2018-03-25).
^ About us . www.kayseriulasim.com. Kayseri Ulaşim A.Ş. [2018-03-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2017-12-01).
^ Dubai Tram's first passengers: Excitement, emotion, euphoria . www.emirates247.com. November 12, 2014 [2014-11-12 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-12-03).
^ STIB - La STIB de 1890 à 1953 [STIB - STIB from 1869 to 1953] . STIB. 2013 [2013-09-15 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-12-21) (法语) .
^ JKP Gras . JKP GRAS. [2013-09-11 ] . (原始内容 存档于2012-08-30).
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Sofia
的参考文献提供内容
^ History . Dopravní podnik města Brna, A.S. (DPMB). [2013-09-22 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-03-02).
^ History of public transport in Ostrava . Dopravní Podnik Ostrava (DPO). [2013-10-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-01-18).
^ History - Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy . Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy. [2013-09-11 ] . (原始内容存档 于2017-08-19).
^ Tram in Zagreb . Zagrebački električni tramvaj . 2012 [2013-09-12 ] . (原始内容 存档于2014-07-24).
^ Aarhus opens Denmark’s first modern light rail line . Metro Report International (DVV Media UK Ltd). 21 December 2017 [2017-12-23 ] . (原始内容 存档于2017-12-24).
^ 69.0 69.1 History of Tallinn Tram . [2017-11-05 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-02-25).
^ Helsinki City Transport - About HKL - History - History of tram transport . Helsinki City Transport. December 30, 2009 [2013-09-12 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-09-28).
^ 71.00 71.01 71.02 71.03 71.04 71.05 71.06 71.07 71.08 71.09 71.10 71.11 71.12 71.13 71.14 71.15 71.16 71.17 71.18 71.19 71.20 71.21 Boquet, Yves. The renaissance of tramways and urban redevelopment in France (pdf) . Miscellanea Geographica – Regional Studies on Development (Walter de Gruyter GmbH ). 31 March 2017, 21 (1): 11 [2018-03-19 ] . doi:10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0005 . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2018-07-24).
^ Barrow, Keith. Aubagne opens zero-fare tramway . International Railway Journal (Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation). 2 September 2014 [2017-11-07 ] . (原始内容存档 于2017-11-07).
^ PHOTOS - le "tramway du bonheur" inauguré par Mireille Mathieu à Avignon - France Bleu . ici par France Bleu et France 3. 2019-10-19 [2024-07-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2023-08-06) (法语) .
^ Ouest-France. Caen. Le nouveau tramway sera inauguré le 27 juillet . Ouest-France.fr. 2019-04-18 [2024-07-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-04-19) (法语) .
^ 引用错误:没有为名为TCL
的参考文献提供内容
^ La société Rhônexpress: History . www.rhonexpress.fr. Rhônexpress. [2019-06-07 ] . (原始内容 存档于2012-06-02).
^ Rhône. Lyon-Brignais : mise en service du tram-train samedi 8 décembre . www.leprogres.fr. 2012-12-03 [2024-07-28 ] . (原始内容存档 于2023-06-02) (法语) .
^ 引用错误:没有为名为RATP-tram
的参考文献提供内容
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Toulouse
的参考文献提供内容
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Berlin
的参考文献提供内容
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Bielefeld
的参考文献提供内容
^ Unternehmen - Geschichte und Archiv - Chronologie [Enterprise - History and Archives - Chronology] . Bremer Straßenbahn AG (BSAG). [2013-10-14 ] . (原始内容 存档于2008-03-05) (德语) .
^ Die Geschichte der DVB AG [The History of DVB AG] . DVB. [2013-09-14 ] . (原始内容存档 于2014-09-29) (德语) .
^ Ausbau der Erfurter Straßenbahn zur Stadtbahn [Expansion of Erfurt tram to light rail] . Erfurter Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft (EVAG). [2013-10-20 ] . (原始内容存档 于2016-12-30) (德语) .
^ 85.0 85.1 引用错误:没有为名为Essen
的参考文献提供内容
^ History - The history of local public passenger transport in Frankfurt . vgF. [2013-09-29 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-10-21).
^ History - The history of local public passenger transport in Frankfurt . vgF. [2013-09-29 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-10-21).
^ Die Geschichte der Halleschen Verkehrs-AG [The History of Halleschen Verkehrs-AG] . SWH.HAVAG. [2013-09-16 ] . (原始内容存档 于2016-03-14) (德语) .
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Hanover
的参考文献提供内容
^ Geschichte der AVG 1990 bis 1999 [History of AVG 1990 to 1999] . Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (AVG). [2013-11-27 ] . (原始内容 存档于2017-08-20) (德语) .
^ Die neue Infrastruktur: Begrenzter Aufwand-großer Nutzen [The new infrastructure: Large benefits for a limited investment] . Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund. 2013 [2013-06-27 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-06-04) (德语) .
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Munich
的参考文献提供内容
^ 引用错误:没有为名为wild goat
的参考文献提供内容
^ 125 Jahre Nahverkehr in Nürnberg: Am 25. August 1881 fuhr die erste Pferdebahn [125 years suburban traffic in Nuremberg: On 25 August 1881, the first horse tram line] . VAG. [2013-10-03 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-10-05) (德语) .
^ 引用错误:没有为名为Saarbahn
的参考文献提供内容
^ Geschichte - Von 1946 bis 1990 - 1981 bis 1990 [History - From 1946 to 1990 - 1981 to 1990] . Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB). [2013-10-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2014-04-16) (德语及英语) .
^ Urban Rail Transport S.A.: Tramway . Urban Rail Transport S.A. (STASY). July 17, 2013 [2013-07-25 ] . (原始内容 存档于2017-04-14).
^ The History of BKV, Part 1 - Development of community transport . BKV Zrt. [2013-10-17 ] . (原始内容存档 于2013-03-12).
^ Palermo light rail network opens . International Railway Journal. 2015-12-30 [2015-12-30 ] . (原始内容存档 于2016-12-27).
^ 100.0 100.1 1901. : History : About us : Rīgas Satiksme . Rīgas Satiksme. [2013-07-13 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-12-05).
^ Wagner, Francis. Luxtram: a capital idea (pdf) . Tramways & Urban Transit . No. 962 (LRTA Publishing Ltd.). February 2018: 56–59 [2018-04-03 ] . ISSN 1460-8324 . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2020-11-25) –通过www.egis-group.com.
^ Amsterdamse paardentram . Geheugen van de Amsterdamse Tram. [2014-09-15 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-12-28) (荷兰语) .
^ 150 jaar tram in de Haagse regio . HTM. [2014-09-15 ] . (原始内容 存档于2014-09-15) (荷兰语) .
^ Historie . RET Corporate. [2014-09-15 ] . (原始内容存档 于2014-08-22) (荷兰语) .
^ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 Ożóg, Magdalena. Tramways in Polish cities (pdf) . TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego. No. 9/2008 (Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "TTS" Sp. z o.o.). 2008: 11 [2018-04-19 ] . (原始内容存档 于2018-04-20) –通过http://www.tts.infotransport.pl/pl/paper/310 .
^ Olsztyn opens Poland's first new tramline in 56 years. Tramways & Urban Transit . February 2016: 45.
^ Olsztyn inaugurates its second tram network . Railway Gazette International . 21 December 2015 [2019-06-07 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-26).
^ Sintra tramway (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) Sintra Câmara Municipal (Sintra Town Hall) website. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
^ 109.0 109.1 RATB - History (in romanian) . Regia Autonomă de Transport București (RATB). [2014-01-03 ] . (原始内容 存档于2014-02-09).
^ RATB – Regia Autonoma de Transport Bucuresti . Regia Autonomă de Transport Bucureşti (RATB). 2011 [2013-07-04 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-06-24) (罗马尼亚语) .
^ RATT - History (in romanian) . Regia Autonomă de Transport Timișoara (RATT). [2014-01-03 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-07-01).
^ Трамвайная Сеть г. Черёмушки [Cheryomushki tramway network] . ymtram.mashke.org. 28 March 2005 [2018-02-20 ] . (原始内容存档 于2019-10-02) (俄语) .
^ The hydro dam tram . englishrussia.com. 14 May 2014 [2018-02-20 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-11-25).
^ Schwandl, Robert. Oryol . www.urbanrail.net. [2018-02-20 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-12-21).
^ TRAM Historical Evolution . www.fgv.es. Generalitat Valenciana - Conselleria d'Habitatge, Obres Públiques i Vertebració del Territori. [2018-03-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-26).
^ Case story: TRAMVIA BLAU (Blue Tram), Barcelona (pdf) . Dellner Brakes AB. 2017 [2018-03-18 ] . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2020-12-02).
^ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 117.4 117.5 Martín, L.; Calvo, F.; Hermoso, A.; de Oña, J. Analysis of light rail systems in Spain according to their type of funding (pdf) . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (Elsevier Ltd.). 19 December 2014, (162): 419–428 [2018-03-18 ] . doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.223 . [永久失效連結 ]
^ Barrow, Keith. Granada opens first light rail line . International Railway Journal (Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation). 21 September 2017 [2018-02-07 ] . (原始内容存档 于2018-02-26).
^ New Murcia Tramway opened . Vía Libre - Spanish Railway News (Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles (FFE)). 21 June 2011 [2018-03-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2018-03-19).
^ Datos de la linea [Line data] . Tranvía de Parla S.A. 22 February 2013 [2018-03-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-09-19) (西班牙语) .
^ Enjoy the island’s first electric tram . Ferrocarril de Sóller SA. [2018-03-18 ] . (原始内容存档 于2020-08-03).
^ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 122.4 Light Rail & the City Regions Inquiry (pdf) (报告). All-Party Parliamentary Light Rail Group (APPLRG) / pteg: 6. 15 February 2010 [2018-04-16 ] . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2020-09-25).
^ Light Rail & the City Regions Inquiry (pdf) (报告). All-Party Parliamentary Light Rail Group (APPLRG) / pteg: 7. 15 February 2010 [2018-04-16 ] . (原始内容存档 (PDF) 于2020-09-25).
^ Edinburgh's trams roll into action . BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) ). 31 May 2014 [2018-04-16 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-03-08).
^ Michael Taplin. A complete listing of Light Rail, Light Railway, Tramway & Metro systems throughout the World - World Systems List index - World List U-Z - UK . Light Rail Transit Association. [2013-07-11 ] . (原始内容 存档于2016-03-10).
^ Tram-train service to Rotherham launched . Metro Report International (DVV Media UK Ltd). 25 October 2018 [2018-10-27 ] . (原始内容 存档于2018-10-28).
^ 127.0 127.1 LRT for Everyone (PDF) . Edmonton Transit System and City of Edmonton: 4. [2014-08-05 ] . (原始内容 (pdf) 存档于2015-09-10).
^ OC Transpo - O-Train . OC Transpo. 2013 [2013-07-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2016-06-25).
^ OC Transpo - History (Looking Back) . OC Transpo. 2013 [2013-08-06 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-09-30).
^ 2012 - TTC Operating Statistics . Toronto Transit Commission. 2013 [2013-07-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-03-10).
^ Toronto's Streetcar Network - Past to Present - History . Toronto Transit Commission. 2013 [2013-07-26 ] . (原始内容存档 于2021-02-11).
^ 132.0 132.1 Características Tren Eléctrico [Electric Train Characteristics] . SITEUR. 2013 [2013-07-24 ] . (原始内容 存档于2013-07-28) (西班牙语) .
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外部連結