代理问题
委托-代理问题(英语:principal–agent problem),又称代理问题(英语:agency problem),代理两难(英语:agency dilemma),是指当一个人或实体(“代理人”)代表另一个人或实体(“委托人”)采取行动时出现的利益和事项优先排序冲突(如看待风险的态度之差异)。[1] 当委托人和代理人之间的利益和信息差异更大,以及当委托人缺乏惩罚代理人的手段时,问题会更加恶化。[2] 代理人对委托人利益的偏离称为“代理成本”。[3]
这种关系的常见例子包括公司管理层(代理人)和股东(委托人)、民选官员(代理人)和公民(委托人),或经纪人(代理人)和市场(买卖双方,委托人)。[4] 在所有这些情况下,委托人必须关心代理人是否以委托人的最佳利益行事。 道德风险和利益冲突的概念与委托代理问题有关。
委托代理问题通常出现在双方利益不同和信息不对称(代理人拥有更多信息)的情况下,委托人不能直接确保代理人始终以他们(委托人)的最佳利益行事,特别是当活动对委托人有益处但对代理人来说成本偏高,或代理人行为之元素对委托人来说在观察上耗费成本。
当代理人代表多个委托人行事时,代理问题可能会加剧(即“多委托人问题”,英语:Multiple principal problem)。[5][6] 当一个代理人代表多个委托人行事时,多个委托人必须就代理人的目标达成一致。 他们在治理方面面临集体行动问题,因为个别委托人可能会游说代理人或以其他方式为他们的个人利益行事,而不是为了所有委托人的集体利益。[7] 结果可能包括在指导和监控中搭便车[8],重复指导和监控[9],或委托人之间的冲突[10],所有这些都会导致代理的高度自主权。 多重委托人问题在公共部门尤为严重,公共部门的多重委托人很常见,在缺乏显著治理的情况下,效率和民主问责制都会受到损害。[5][11][12]
可以使用各种机制来使代理人的利益与委托人的利益保持一致。 在就业方面,雇主(委托人)可以使用计件工资/佣金、利润分享、效率工资、绩效衡量(包括财务报表)、代理人提供保证金或终止雇佣关系的手段来使工人的利益与他们自己的利益保持一致。
经济学理论
原则上,一个“理性”的投资人应具有风险趋避(risk averse)的倾向,亦即投资人在进行投资时,如果数种风险不同的证券所提供的预期报酬率相同,他(她)会理性地选择风险较小的证券来投资;同样地,若要投资人将资金投入风险较高的资产时,必须该资产能提供高于预期的报酬,否则投资人不会选择“高风险、低报酬”的投资方式。
参考资料
- ^ Eisenhardt, K.M., Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review, The Academy of Management Review, 1989, 14 (1): 57–74, JSTOR 258191, doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4279003.
- ^ Adams, Julia. Principals and Agents, Colonialists and Company Men: The Decay of Colonial Control in the Dutch East Indies. American Sociological Review. 1996, 61 (1): 12–28 [2023-03-24]. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2096404. doi:10.2307/2096404. (原始内容存档于2022-09-20).
- ^ Pay Without Performance, Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried, Harvard University Press 2004 (preface and introduction (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
- ^ Agency Costs. Investopedia. [2023-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-22).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Voorn, B.; Van Genugten, M.; Van Thiel, S. Multiple principals, multiple problems: Implications for effective governance and a research agenda for joint service delivery. Public Administration. 2019, 97 (3): 671–685. doi:10.1111/padm.12587 .
- ^ Downes, Alexander B. Catastrophic success : why foreign-imposed regime change goes wrong. Cornell University Press. 2021. ISBN 978-1-5017-6116-4. OCLC 1252920900.
- ^ Bernheim, B.D.; Whinston, M.D. Common agency. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society. 1986, 54 (4): 923. JSTOR 1912844. doi:10.2307/1912844.
- ^ Gailmard, S. Multiple principals and oversight of bureaucratic policy-making. Journal of Theoretical Politics. 2009, 21 (2): 161–86. S2CID 11680915. doi:10.1177/0951629808100762.
- ^ Khalil, F.; Martimort, D.; Parigi, B. Monitoring a common agent: Implications for financial contracting.. Journal of Economic Theory. 2007, 135: 35–67. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.583 . S2CID 15387971. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2005.08.010.
- ^ Garrone, P.; Grilli, L.; Rousseau, X. Management discretion and political interference in municipal enterprises: Evidence from Italian utilities. Local Government Studies. 2013, 39 (4): 514–40. S2CID 220386135. doi:10.1080/03003930.2012.726198.
- ^ Martimort, D. The multiprincipal nature of government. European Economic Review. 1996, 40 (3–5): 673–85. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(95)00079-8.
- ^ Moe, T.M. Power and political institutions. Perspectives on Politics. 2005, 3 (2). S2CID 39072417. doi:10.1017/S1537592705050176.
- 财务管理-新观念与本土化,谢剑平,智胜文化,2008年2月四版三刷 ISBN 957-41-3302-8
- 财务管理(上)-证券投资,张永霖,高点文化,2008年3月 ISBN 957-814-627-2
延伸阅读
- Azfar, Omar. Chapter 8: Disrupting Corruption (PDF). Shah, Anwar (编). Performance Accountability and Combating Corruption (PDF and text). Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 2007 [2019-07-17]. ISBN 9780821369418. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6941-8. (原始内容存档于2020-06-01).
- Eisenhardt, K. Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review. 1989, 14 (1): 57–74. JSTOR 258191. doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4279003.
- Green, J. R.; Stokey, N. L. A Comparison of Tournaments and Contracts. Journal of Political Economy. 1983, 91 (3): 349–64. JSTOR 1837093. doi:10.1086/261153.
- Mind the Gap—Quantifying Principal–Agent Problems in Energy Efficiency (PDF), IEA, 2007 [2019-07-17], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-09-30).
- Laffont, Jean-Jacques and Martimort, David (2002). The Theory of Incentives: The Principal–Agent Model. Princeton University Press.
- Li, Hongxia. Capital Structure on Agency Costs in Chinese Listed Firms. International Journal of Governance. 2011, 1 (2): 26–39.
- Murtishaw, S.; Sathaye, J., Quantifying the Effect of the Principal–Agent Problem on US Residential Use (PDF) (Report), 2006 [2019-07-17], LBNL-59773, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-05-11).
- Nikkinen, Jussi; Sahlström, Petri. Does agency theory provide a general framework for audit pricing?. International Journal of Auditing. 2004, 8 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1111/j.1099-1123.2004.00094.x.
- Rees, R., 1985. "The Theory of Principal and Agent—Part I". Bulletin of Economic Research, 37(1), 3–26
- Rees, R., 1985. "The Theory of Principal and Agent—Part II". Bulletin of Economic Research, 37(2), 75–97
- Rutherford, R. & Springer, T. & Yavas, A. (2005). Conflicts between Principals and Agents: Evidence from Residential Brokerage. Journal of Financial Economics (76), 627–65.
- Rosen, S. Prizes and Incentives in Elimination Tournaments. American Economic Review. 1986, 76 (4): 701–715. JSTOR 1806068.
- Sappington, David E. M. Incentives in Principal–Agent Relationships. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1991, 5 (2): 45–66. JSTOR 1942685. doi:10.1257/jep.5.2.45.
- Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1987). "Principal and agent", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 966–71.