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此条目页的主題是關於
心理學 方面的衝動。关于这个名字或類似名的其他意义和用法,請見「
衝動 」。
以不同顏色顯示之部分為腦部之眶額葉皮層 ,是前額葉皮層的一部分,被相關研究認定與個人決策的形成有關。
在心理學 中,衝動 是一種純粹跟隨慾望 等做出行為 的傾向,表現出的行為特徵是很少或根本沒有預先計畫、反思或考慮後果。[ 1] 衝動行為通常是“構思不當、表達過早、風險 過大,或不適合且通常會導致不良後果的情況”[ 2] ,這會危及長期目標 和成功戰略。[ 3] 衝動可以歸類為多因素結構 。[ 4] 也有一種功能性的衝動,即在適當的情況下沒有經過深思熟慮的行動,可以而且確實會導致理想的結果。 “當這種行為產生積極的結果時,它們往往不被視為衝動的跡象,而是作為大膽(英語:Boldness)、敏捷、自發性、勇敢 或不受常規約束的指標”。[ 2] [ 5] 因此,衝動的構成至少包括兩個獨立的組成部分:首先,在沒有適當考慮的情況下採取行動[ 2] ,可能會或可能不會起作用;第二,選擇短期收益而不是長期收益 。[ 6]
衝動既是人格 的一個方面,也是各種心理障礙 的主要組成部分,包括胎兒酒精譜系障礙 、注意力不足過動症 [ 7] 、物質使用障礙 [ 8] [ 9] 、雙相情感障礙 [ 10] 、反社會人格障礙 [ 11] 和邊緣型人格障礙 [ 12] 。在後天腦損傷(英語:Acquired brain injury)[ 13] 和神經退行性疾病 [ 14] 的情況下,也注意到了異常的衝動模式。神經生物學 研究結果表明,衝動行為涉及特定的大腦區域[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] ,儘管不同的大腦網絡可能導致不同的衝動表現[ 18] ,並且遺傳 可能發揮作用。[ 19]
許多行動同時包含衝動性和強迫性 特徵,但衝動性和強迫性在功能上是不同的。衝動性和強迫性是相互關聯的,因為它們都表現出過早或未經深思熟慮的行為傾向,並且通常會產生負面結果。[ 20] [ 21] 強迫性可能是一個連續統一體,一方面是強迫性,另一方面是衝動性,但在這一點上的研究是相矛盾的。[ 22] 強迫性是對感知到的風險或威脅的反應,而衝動是對感知到的直接收益或利益的反應[ 20] ,並且,強迫性涉及重複的行為,而衝動性涉及無計劃的反應。
衝動是賭博 和酒精成癮 的共同特徵。研究表明擁有此類成癮情況的人,擁有比沒有此類成癮情況的人更高的延遲付款貼現 比率;此類成癮情況亦會導致貼現行為的累加效應(英語:additive effects)。[ 23]
參見
參考文獻
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^ Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137 . doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3 .
^ Dixon, Mark R.; Jacobs, Eric A.; Sanders, Scott; Guercio, John M.; Soldner, James; Parker-Singler, Susan; Robinson, Ashton; Small, Stacey; Dillen, Jeffrey E. Impulsivity, self-control, and delay discounting in persons with acquired brain injury . Behavioral Interventions. 2005, 20 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1002/bin.173 .
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