跳转到内容

世界體系理論

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科,自由的百科全书
20世紀後期国际贸易地位的世界地圖,依照世界體系劃分為核心經濟(藍)、半邊陲經濟(黃)和邊陲經濟(紅)。依據Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000)繪製。

世界體系理論(英語:world-systems theory[1],是由萨米尔·阿明阿銳基安德烈·冈德·弗兰克伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦等人創建的後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論,應用於全球史社会变迁。該理論強調將世界體系英语world-system(而非民族國家)作為主要(但不是唯一的)的社會分析英语social analysis單元。[1]

「世界體系」是指跨區域和跨國的勞動分工,它將世界分成了核心經濟半邊陲經濟邊陲經濟[2]核心經濟專注於高科技、资本密集型的生產,而世界的其餘部分則要進行低技術、勞動密集型生產以及原材料的開採。[3]這一體系時刻都在強化核心國家的支配地位。[3]然而,該體系也有動態性,部分是由於运输方式的變革,以及單個國家可能會獲得/失去其核心/半邊緣/邊緣的地位。[3]這種結構是由勞動分工統一起來的。它是植根於资本主义經濟的世界經濟。[4]在一段時間內,某些國家成為世界霸權;在過去的幾個世紀裏,隨着世界體系在地理上擴展、經濟上強化,霸主的地位從荷蘭轉移到了英國,最近又轉移到了美国[3]

緣起

世界體系理論發跡於20世紀70年代。[1]其理論基礎主要在社会学,但已發展成為非常跨學科的理論。[2]世界體系理論試圖取代現代化理論的地位,華勒斯坦對現代化理論的批判主要有以下三點:[2]

  1. 它以民族國家作為唯一的分析單元英语unit of analysis
  2. 它假定所有國家只有同一條發展路徑
  3. 它無視限制了地方和國家發展的跨國結構。

該理論有三個主要的來源:年鑑學派马克思主义傳統,以及依附理論[2][5]其中,年鑑學派传统(尤其是費爾南·布勞岱爾)对華勒斯坦在於將長時期的過程和將地理-生態區域作為分析單元英语unit of analysis马克思主义增加了對社會衝突英语social conflict的強調,關注資本積累英语capital accumulation過程和競爭性的阶级斗争,關注相關的總體,社會形態的短暫性以及矛盾衝突的辯證運動。而依附理論是一套對發展過程的新馬克思主義解釋。

傳統馬克思主義中也有對帝國主義的探討,列寧在其名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端。世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。

其他對世界體系理論產生影響的有卡尔·波兰尼尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫[6]约瑟夫·熊彼特等學者(特別是他們對商業週期和三種基本經濟組織模式概念的研究:互惠模式、再分配模式和市場模式,華勒斯坦將其重新定義為對微型系統、世界帝國和世界經濟的討論)。

華勒斯坦認為,資本主義世界經濟的發展對世界上很大一部分人口是有害的。[7]他認為,20世紀70年代以來的時期是一個「過渡時代」,它將讓位於一個(或多個)未來的世界體系,其結構無法預先確定。[8]

世界體系的主要思想家有奥利弗·考克斯英语Oliver Cox萨米尔·阿明阿銳基安德烈·岡德·法蘭克,以及伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦,其他主要貢獻者有克里斯托弗·蔡斯-邓恩英语Christopher Chase-Dunn贝弗里·西尔弗英语Beverly Silver珍妮特·阿布-卢格霍德英语Janet Abu Lughod李民骐库尼伯特·拉弗英语Kunibert Raffer等人。[2]

内容

華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區、政治集團,「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家,「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國,另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家。透過市場機制,邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說:

世界體系是一個社會體系,它有其邊界、結構、成員團體、合法性規則及凝聚性。它的生命由各種相衝突的力量構成,它們以張力聚合之,又隨著各團體試圖為己重塑這套體系而拆解之。它具有有機體的特徵,因為在其生命期中有些特徵在某些方面改變了,而在另一些方面則保持穩定。人們可以按照它功能的內在邏輯,定義其結構在不同時間的強或弱。[9]

至於時間向度,華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色:週期節律代表經濟的短期波動,華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫長波理論,指出資本主義具有約40-50年的擴張-收縮週期,而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。長期趨勢一如其名,代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。矛盾是系統內的一般爭議,通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是危機,這也代表該系統的終結。

參見

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History, ed. George Modelski, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Barfield, Thomas (编). The dictionary of anthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998: 498–499 [2016-03-15]. ISBN 1-57718-057-7. (原始内容存档于2021-07-26). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Frank Lechner, Globalization theories: World-System Theory 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-04-29., 2001
  4. ^ Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice. World-systems analysis: An introduction有限度免费查阅,超限则需付费订阅. Duke University Press. 2004: 23–24. 
  5. ^ Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, World Systems Theory 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2009-07-11., paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2018-06-19., November 2003
  6. ^ Kondratieff Waves in the World System Perspective. Kondratieff Waves. Dimensions and Perspectives at the Dawn of the 21st Century 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2014-04-29. / Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin, Tessaleno C. Devezas, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Volgograd: Uchitel, 2012. P. 23–64.
  7. ^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). Historical Capitalism. London: Verso.
  8. ^ Hopkins, Terence K., and Immanuel Wallerstein, coordinators (1996). The Age of Transition. London: Zed Books.
  9. ^ Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) the Modern World-System, New York, Academic Press, pp. 347-57."a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. It has the characteristics of an organism, in that it has a life-span over which its characteristics change in some respects and remain stable in others. One can define its structures as being at different times strong or weak in terms of the internal logic of its functioninɡ"

相關文獻

  • Amin S. (1973), 'Le developpement inegal. Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique' Paris: Editions de Minuit.
  • Amin S.(1976), ‘Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism’ New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin S. (1992), 'Empire of Chaos' New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Amin S.(1997), ‘Die Zukunft des Weltsystems. Herausforderungen der Globalisierung. Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke’ Hamburg: VSA.
  • Arrighi G. (1989), 'The Developmentalist Illusion: A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery' paper, presented at the Thirteenth Annual Political Economy of the World System Conference, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, April 28 - 30.
  • Arrighi G. (1991), 'World Income Inequalities and the Future of Socialism' Fernand Braudel Centre, State University of New York at Binghamton.
  • Arrighi G.(1995), ‘The Long 20th Century. Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times’ London, New York: Verso.
  • Arrighi G. and Silver, B. J. (1984), 'Labor Movements and Capital Migration: The United States and Western Europe in World - Historical Perspective' in 'Labor in the Capitalist World - Economy' (Bergquist Ch. (Ed.)), pp. 183 - 216, Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Arrighi G. et al. (1991), 'The Rise of East Asia. One Miracle or Many?' State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Centre.
  • Arrighi G. et al.(1996a), ‘Modelling Zones of the World-Economy: A Polynomial Regression Analysis(1964-1994)’ State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Center.
  • Arrighi G. et al.(1996b), ‘The Rise of East Asia in World Historical Perspective’ State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Center.
  • Arrighi G. et al.(1996c), ‘Beyond Western Hegemonies’ State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Center.
  • Bornschier V.(Ed.,1994),‘Conflicts and new departures in world society’ New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers.
  • Bornschier V. (1976), 'Wachstum, Konzentration und Multinationalisierung von Industrieunternehmen' Frauenfeld and Stuttgart: Huber.
  • Bornschier V. (1988), 'Westliche Gesellschaft im Wandel' Frankfurt a.M./ New York: Campus.
  • Bornschier V. (1992), 'The Rise of the European Community. Grasping Towards Hegemony or Therapy against National Decline in the World Political Economy?'. Vienna: paper, presented at the First European Conference of Sociology, August 26 - 29.
  • Bornschier V.(1996),‘Western society in transition’ New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers.
  • Bornschier V. and Chase - Dunn Ch. K (1985), 'Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment' N.Y., N.Y.: Praeger.
  • Bornschier V. and Heintz P., reworked and enlarged by Th. H. Ballmer - Cao and J. Scheidegger (1979), 'Compendium of Data for World Systems Analysis' Machine readable data file, Zurich: Department of Sociology, Zurich University.
  • Bornschier V. and Nollert M. (1994); 'Political Conflict and Labor Disputes at the Core: An Encompassing Review for the Post - War Era' in 'Conflicts and New Departures in World Society' (Bornschier V. and Lengyel P. (Eds.)), pp. 377 - 403, New Brunswick (U.S.A.) and London: Transaction Publishers, World Society Studies, Volume 3.
  • Bornschier V. and Suter Chr. (1992), 'Long Waves in the World System' in 'Waves, Formations and Values in the World System' (Bornschier V. and Lengyel P. (Eds.)), pp. 15 - 50, New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Bornschier V. et al. (1980), 'Multinationale Konzerne, Wirtschaftspolitik und nationale Entwicklung im Weltsystem' Frankfurt a.M.: Campus
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1975), 'The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: a Cross - national Study' American Sociological Review, 40: 720 - 738.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1983), 'The Kernel of the Capitalist World Economy: Three Approaches' in 'Contending Approaches to World System Analysis' (Thompson W.R. (Ed.)), pp. 55 - 78, Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1984), 'The World - System Since 1950: What Has Really Changed?' in 'Labor in the Capitalist World - Economy' (Bergquist Ch. (Ed.)), pp. 75 - 104, Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1991), 'Global Formation: Structures of the World Economy' London, Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1992a), 'The National State as an Agent of Modernity' Problems of Communism, January - April: 29 - 37.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1992b), 'The Changing Role of Cities in World Systems' in 'Waves, Formations and Values in the World System' (Bornschier V. and Lengyel P. (Eds.)), pp. 51 - 87, New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (Ed.), (1982), 'Socialist States in the World System' Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. and Grimes P.(1995),‘World - Systems Analysis’ Annual Review of Sociology, 21: 387 - 417.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. and Hall Th. D.(1997),‘Rise and Demise. Comparing World - Systems’ Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Chase - Dunn Ch. K. and Podobnik B.(1995),‘The Next World War: World - System Cycles and Trends’ Journal of World Systems Research 1, 6 (unpaginated electronic journal at world - wide - web site of the World System Network: http://jwsr.ucr.edu/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
  • Frank A. G.(1978),‘Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment’ London: Macmillan.
  • Frank A. G.(1978),‘World accumulation, 1492 - 1789’ London: Macmillan.
  • Frank A. G. (1980) ‘Crisis in the world economy’ New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  • Frank A. G.(1981),‘Crisis in the Third World’ New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  • Frank A. G. (1983), 'World System in Crisis' in 'Contending Approaches to World System Analysis' (Thompson W.R. (Ed.)), pp. 27 - 42, Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Frank A. G. (1990), 'Revolution in Eastern Europe: lessons for democratic social movements (and socialists?),' Third World Quarterly, 12, 2, April: 36 - 52.
  • Frank A. G. (1992), 'Economic ironies in Europe: a world economic interpretation of East - West European politics' International Social Science Journal, 131, February: 41 - 56.
  • Frank A. G. and Frank - Fuentes M. (1990), 'Widerstand im Weltsystem' Vienna: Promedia.
  • Frank A. G. and Gills B. (Eds.)(1993), 'The World System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years?' London and New York: Routledge, Kegan&Paul.
  • Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 .
  • Raffer K. (1987), 'Unequal Exchange and the Evolution of the World System Reconsidering the Impact of Trade on North - South Relations' London, Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/Saint Martin's Press.
  • Raffer K. (1989), 'Sovereign Debts, Unilateral 'Adjustment', and Multilateral Control: The New Way to Serfdom' (Singer H.W. et al. (Eds.)), New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House (quoted here from the author's typescript).
  • Raffer K.(1992),‘The Least developed and the oil - rich Arab countries: dependence, interdependence, or patronage?’ New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press.
  • Raffer K.(1993),‘Trade, transfers, and development: problems and prospects for the twenty - first century’ Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA: E. Elgar Pub. Co.
  • Raffer K. and Singer H.W.(1996),‘The Foreign Aid Business. Economic Assistance and Development Cooperation’ Cheltenham and Borookfield: Edward Alger.
  • Sunkel O. (1966), 'The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America' Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 97, 1: pp. 22 ff.
  • Sunkel O. (1972/3), 'Transnationale kapitalistische Integration und nationale Disintegration: der Fall Lateinamerika' in 'Imperialismus und strukturelle Gewalt. Analysen ueber abhaengige Reproduktion' (Senghaas D. (Ed.)), pp. 258 - 315, Frankfurt a.M.: suhrkamp. English version:‘Transnational capitalism and national disintegration in Latin America’ Social and Economic Studies, 22, 1, March: 132 - 76.
  • Sunkel O.(1973),‘El subdesarrollo latinoamericano y la teoria del desarrollo’ Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 6a edicion.
  • Sunkel O. (1978a), 'The Development of Development Thinking' in 'Transnational Capitalism and National Development. New Perspectives on Dependence' (Villamil J.J. (Ed.)), pp. 19 - 30, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
  • Sunkel O. (1978b), 'Transnationalization and it’s National Consequences' in 'Transnational Capitalism and National Development. New Perspectives on Dependence' (Villamil J.J. (Ed.)), pp. 67 - 94, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
  • Sunkel O.(1980),‘Transnacionalizacion y dependencia‘ Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica del Instituto de Cooperacion Iberoamericana.
  • Sunkel O.(1984),‘Capitalismo transnacional y desintegracion nacional en America Latina’ Buenos Aires, Rep. Argentina : Ediciones Nueva Vision.
  • Sunkel O.(1990),‘Dimension ambiental en la planificacion del desarrollo. English The environmental dimension in development planning ‘ 1st ed. Santiago, Chile : United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
  • Sunkel O.(1991),‘El Desarrollo desde dentro: un enfoque neoestructuralista para la America Latina’ 1. ed. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
  • Sunkel O.(1994),‘Rebuilding capitalism: alternative roads after socialism and dirigisme’ Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press
  • Tausch A. (1993, with Fred Prager as co-author), 'Towards a Socio - Liberal Theory of World Development' Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St. Martin's Press.
  • Tausch A. (2003), "Social cohesion, sustainable development and Turkey's accession to the European Union: implications from a global model" Alternatives. Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2(1), 1 - 41.
  • Tausch A. (2007), 'Global terrorism and world political cycles' History and mathematics (Moscow), special issue, 1(1), 99 - 126.
  • Tausch A. and Christian Ghymers (2006), 'From the “Washington” towards a “Vienna Consensus”?A quantitative analysis on globalization, development and global governance'.