植硅體
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植硅體(英語:phytolith),是存在於多種高等植物細胞或細胞間隙中的顯微結構小體,其主要成分為二氧化硅,中文曾譯植硅石、植物硅酸體等,現在學界統一稱之為植硅體。植硅體的大小和形狀與植物種類與部位有關,其形態具有鑑定意義,特別是禾本科植物,最好的情況可以鑑定到種。植物中還常見一些草酸鈣質的顆粒,被稱為植鈣體。
功能
植硅體有多種功能。一些植硅體可能和植物的結構和支撐功能有關,對於許多農作物來說,可以防止倒伏;在某些植物中,植硅體可能也具有一定的防禦病蟲害及食草動物的作用。
應用
考古學
植硅體容易保存在考古地層與遺物中,因此常用來鑑定史前栽培植物。
古生物學
植硅體在化石遺存中很豐富,在晚泥盆紀地層中就有發現,可用來追溯古生物環境與植被變遷。[1]
地球化學
注釋
- ^ Carter, J.A. Late Devonian, Permian and Triassic phytoliths from Antarctica. Micropaleontology. 1999, 45 (1): 56–61 [2008-04-22]. doi:10.2307/1486202.
- ^ Plantstones could help lock away carbon (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),Nowak, Rachel, New Scientist Magazine issue 2637, January 5 2008, Accessed January 2008]
參考
- (中文)派潘諾 多洛雷斯著,《植硅石分析》北京:北京大學出版社,1994.3
- Piperno, D. R. 1988. Phytolith analysis: an archaeological and geological perspective.
- Thorn, V. C. 2004. An annotated bibliography of phytolith analysis and atlas of selected New Zealand subantarctic and subalphine phytoliths.
- Meunier, J. D. 2001. Phytoliths: applications in earth sciences and human history.
- Kealhofer, L. 1998. Opal phytoliths in Southeast Asian flora.
- Rapp, G. R. 1992. Phytolith systematics: emerging issues.
- Ciochon, R. L., Piperno, D. R. and Thompson, R. G. 1990. Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape Gigantopithecus blacki: Implications for paleodietary studies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 87: 8120-8124.
- Twiss, P. C., Suess, E., & Smith, R. M. 1969. Morphological classification of grass phytoliths. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. America.
- Pearsall, D. M. 2004. Plants and People in Ancient Ecuador: The Ethnobotany of the Jama River Valley. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Case Studies in Archaeology Series, Belmont , CA 180 pp.
- Pearsall, D. M. 2000. Paleoethnobotany. A Handbook of Procedures. Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego. 700 pp.
- Piperno, D. R. and D. M. Pearsall. 1998. The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Academic Press, San Diego. 400 pp.
- Pearsall, D. M., K. Chandler-Ezell, and J. A. Zeidler. 2004. Maize in ancient Ecuador: Results of residue analysis of stone tools from the Real Alto site. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:423-442.
- Darwin, C. R. 1846. "An Account of the Fine Dust Which Often Falls on Vessels in the Atlantic Ocean," Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 2 (Read 4 June 1845): 26-30. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1672&viewtype=text&pageseq=3 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)).
外部連結
- (英文)What is the phytolith? (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- (英文)Ecological significance of phytoliths (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- (英文)Background from St. Cloud laboratory
- (英文)Association of Environmental Archaeology (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Steve Archer, "About Phytoliths": https://web.archive.org/web/20070506230653/http://research.history.org/Archaeological_Research/Collections/CollArchaeoBot/PhytoFAQs.cfm .
- Terry B. Ball, "Phytolith Literature Review": http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben282.html (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) .
- Dr. Sanjay Eksambekar's 'Phytolith Research Institute': http://www.phytolithresearch.com (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Deborah Pearsall's MU Phytolith Database ,https://web.archive.org/web/20070422163808/http://web.missouri.edu/~umcasphyto/index.shtml
- "What are Phytoliths?" Sandstone Archaeology Paleoethnobotany Laboratory https://web.archive.org/web/20080820003629/http://www.sandstonearchaeology.com/paleoethnobotany.html