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图书馆:常見錯誤觀念列表

维基百科,自由的百科全书

{{vfd|收录标准不明,目前内容可能更像Wikipedia:维基志异会收录的东西,非常明显的英语地域中心|date=2023/12/20}}

{{动态列表}} 以下是常见错误观念的列表,每个条目包括错误观念与改正确的声明。

常见错误观念是一系列经常被认为是真实的观点或趣闻,但实际上是错误的。它们通常产生于传统观念、刻板印象迷信谬误、对科学的误解或伪科学的普及。一些常见错误观念也被认为是都市传说,并常常涉及道德恐慌

艺术与文化

商业

1915}})。
  • 爱迪达的原文名称“Adidas”并非“All day I dream about sports”、“All day I dream about soccer”或“All day I dream about sex”的缩写。其实该公司的名称是于1949年以其创始人阿道夫·“阿迪”·达斯勒(Adolf "Adi" Dassler)的名字命名。这些反讥的缩写是在1978年和1981年发表的玩笑[1][2][3]
  • 圣诞老人的常见形象(红袍老人)并不是在1930年代可口可乐公司为广告噱头所创造的。事实上在19世纪末期,红袍圣诞老人的形象已经在美国流行文化和广告中出现。[4]
  • 网飞并不是在其联合创始人里德·哈斯廷斯百视达被迫收取40美元的滞纳金后一怒之下成立的。网飞的创立实际上是受到亚马逊公司的启发,而这个故事是由哈斯廷斯“编造”来总结网飞的企业价值主张[5][6][7][8]
  • 百事公司从未成为拥有全球第六强海军实力的企业。百事公司在1989年与苏联达成交易后,价值数百万美元的百事可乐被用来换取20艘报废战舰,而这些战舰随即被卖掉拆解[9][10]

饮食与烹饪

  • 炙烤肉类并不会将肉汁密封在肉中,相反地这么做会导致肉失去部分水分。炙烤的目的是为了让肉上色,改善色泽、风味和质地[11]
  • 味精并不会引起偏头痛或其他所谓的味精症候群,也没有证据表明有人对味精产生过敏[12]
  • 除了一些易腐食品外,储存得当的食品通常可以在过期之后安全食用。所谓“有效日期”是代表制造商保证产品品质的最后一天[13][14]。在美国,绝大多数的有效日期都由州政府监管,其目的为确保食品的品质而非安全性。部分地区(如日本)更区别“保存期限”及“赏味期限”,以保存期限的2/3作为赏味期限[15]
  • 辣椒的辛辣味不是来自种子。 辣味源自于辣椒素,而辣椒籽中的辣椒素含量很低。事实上辣椒素浓度最高的部位是辣椒籽所附着的胎座组织髓质[16][17]
  • 火鸡肉中的色氨酸含量不是特别高,不会比其他食物更容易引起嗜睡[18][19]感恩节大餐等节日餐后的嗜睡一般来自于暴饮暴食[19]

饮食史

幸运饼干虽然和中国菜有关联,但实际上是在日本发明的[20],在中国几乎吃不到并被视为美国菜[21]
  • 幸运饼干美国和其他西方国家的中餐馆里十分常见,但在中国与其他东亚地区华人聚居的地区并没有食用这种食物的习俗。实际上幸运饼干是在日本发明的并被引入美国[20]。在幸运饼干在中国被认为是美国菜且很罕见[21]
  • 马铃薯片并非由{{le|乔治·克鲁姆|George Speck}}(George Crum)因为客人抱怨他的炸薯条太厚且不够咸而发明的[22][23][24]。早在1817年的烹饪书中就有薯片的食谱了[24][25]。这个误解是在圣雷吉斯纸业公司(St. Regis Paper Company)在1973年的一次广告宣传活动中被传开来的[26]
  • 香料中世纪并非用来掩盖腐肉的味道,而是昂贵的奢侈品。只有负担得起昂贵调味料的人能买到好的肉,当时也没有文件记载用香料来掩饰腐肉的味道[27]
  • 鞑靼牛肉并不是蒙古族人意图在马鞍下嫩化肉而创发的菜肴[28],也与鞑靼人饮食无关。这道菜起源于20世纪初的欧洲,是德国美式汉堡排的变体 [29][30]
  • 生奶油不是法国主厨弗朗索瓦·瓦德勒在1671年于尚蒂伊城堡发明的。这个食谱至少在一个世纪前的意大利就有记载,“尚蒂伊奶油”这个名字直到19世纪才出现[31]
  • 马克·波罗并没有把中国拉面带到意大利,而演变成意大利面。此说法是由美国的食物业推广,以增加意大利面的销售率 [32][33]
  • 同样地,意大利披萨并非由马克·波罗带到意大利的中国葱油饼而演变而成 [34]披萨早于10世纪时已在地中海地区流传 [35][36]
  • 没有资料记载玛丽·安东尼曾说过“何不食蛋糕?”(法语:Qu'ils mangent de la brioche)。这句话最早出现在卢梭第六卷《忏悔录》中,文中是由一位没有被作者命名的“崇高公主”所说的 [37]

关于微波炉的误解

  • 微波炉并不是使用一个特定频率的微波来共振食物中的水分子,而是产生一道宽广的频谱[38][39][40],通过对包括水在内的极性分子以{{tsl|en|Dielectric heating|介电加热}}来烹饪食物。
  • 微波炉不是从内部向外烹饪食物。 2.45 GHz的微波只能穿透大多数食物约{{convert|1|cm|in|frac=8|sp=us|abbr=off}}的深度。更厚的食物内部部分主要是由从外部部分传导的热进行加热[41]
  • 微波炉并不会引起癌症。 微波非游离辐射,所以不会具有X射线游离辐射所带来的癌症风险。没有任何研究发现微波会引起癌症,即使暴露于远超过正常剂量的微波辐射之下[42]
  • 微波加热食物不会降低其营养价值,甚至由于烹饪时间较短,可能比其他烹饪过程更好地保留其营养价值[43]

文学

音乐

古典音乐

  • 莫扎特并非死于中毒,也没有被他的同事安东尼奥·萨列里或其他人毒害{{sfn|Solomon|1995|p=587}}。此谣言在萨列里去世后甚嚣尘上,并在亚历山大·普希金1832年的戏剧《{{tsl|en|Mozart and Salieri (play)|莫扎特和萨利耶里}}》、彼得·谢弗1979年的舞台剧作品《{{link-en|Amadeus|Amadeus}}》及其于1984年的翻拍电影中被过度戏剧化[49]
  • 聆听古典音乐(如莫札特的作品)并不能提高智商。一项1993年于自然期刊上发表的研究报告显示,聆听后短期内可以改善空间推理能力[50][51]。然而随后的证据表明这么做实际上并没有多少效果,顶多只是与高昂情绪和兴奋相关的短期影响。这与此前在自然期刊上最初发表的成果前后不一[52][53][54][55]

{{Listen | filename = en-us-minute-adjective.ogg | title = Minute Waltz(一分钟圆舞曲) | description = minute在此名称中的正确英语发音 | type = speech | pos = right }}

  • 降D大调“小狗”圆舞曲有时也被称为“一分钟圆舞曲”(Minute Waltz),但并非所谓“一分钟就能弹完”的圆舞曲。实际上这首曲子所需的弹奏时间平均需要两分钟[56]。名中的“Minute”在此意为“短小”、“微小”,而并不指“一分钟”[57]

流行音乐

宗教

佛教

  • 历史上的佛陀释迦牟尼并非胖子。常见的胖和尚雕塑形象来自于“笑佛”布袋和尚。在中国佛教文化中,布袋和尚被尊为弥勒菩萨的化身,弥勒菩萨将在释迦牟尼被遗忘之后成为佛陀重振佛教[60]

犹太教

基督教

伊斯兰教

  • 可兰经》并没有指明殉教者可在死后获得72名处女。《可兰经》提及所有人(不论是否殉教者)都可在天堂获得处子之身的同伴。72此数字是在《提尔密济圣训集》所提及的,而圣训虽然被认为是穆罕默德的教义,但并非《可兰经》的一部分。[66][67]

语言

法律、犯罪和军事

  • 报失失踪人口并不一定需要等待24小时。如果有暴力或非寻常失踪的证据,及时展开调查非常重要[71]。例如英国政府建议:“在联系警方之前,您不必等待24小时。”[72]犯罪学专家表示,失踪人口调查的前72小时是最关键的[73]
  • 市政委员丹·怀特食用大量Twinkies奶油夹心蛋糕后杀害旧金山市长乔治·莫斯科尼和市政委员哈维·米尔克传媒将怀特食用Twinkies蛋糕等高糖分的零食、导致脑部化学物质失衡并陷入抑郁归咎为这起事件的直接原因。事实上,在著名的甜点抗辩中,辩方成功论证怀特因严重抑郁症而导致判断能力下降,以他作案前曾暴食大量零食这件事引用作为他精神失常的事证,并非是指他因暴食大量甜点导致精神失常[74]
  • 黑手党等犯罪组织并不常使用或曾经使用所谓“水泥鞋酷刑”(将受刑者的脚放入煤块中,而后填充湿水泥,最后将受刑者扔入水中)淹死他们的受害者[75]。事实上仅有两起谋杀案被记录使用这种方法:一起是在1964年,另一起是在2016年(就算在前者中,受害者的腿也是被绑上水泥块而不是被封在水泥中)[76]。不过法军阿尔及利亚战争期间确实曾对被杀害的阿尔及利亚人使用死亡飞行时用上了“水泥鞋”[77]
  • 在美国,被告不会因为在被逮捕时未被告知米兰达警告而直接被驳回审理。米兰达警告涉及当嫌疑人被扣留并接受盘问时的权利[78][79],如果嫌疑人在接受盘问之前没有被告知米兰达警告,他们在盘问期间所作出的陈述可能不会被接受为证据。不过检方仍然可以提出其他形式的证据,或者以嫌疑人在被告知米兰达警告之后所作出的陈述来证明其有罪。 [80]
  • 新加坡不会因为嚼口香糖而被处以鞭刑。尽管自1992年起,在新加坡进口和贩售口香糖一直是非法的,且鞭刑仍是该国某些罪行的适用体罚,但这两者并没有关联。违反口香糖禁令只会受到罚款和监禁,嚼口香糖本身并不违法[81]
  • 国际刑警组织的员工并无执法权,不能进行调查、逮捕罪犯甚至使用假护照。他们旨在支援并促进主权国家执法机构之间的国际合作[82][83]
  • 文学作品很流行出现在犯罪现场使用粉笔勾勒尸体轮廓的场景,但在现代犯罪现场调查中实际上很少这么做[84]

历史

古代史

  • 埃及金字塔并非是由奴隶建造。考古学证据表明金字塔工人是由熟练的工匠和在休耕期时的贫穷农民组成,后者可能被征召为国家服务,并以优质的食物和免除税务的地位作为报酬[85][86][87][88][89] 。使用奴隶的说法起源于古希腊历史学家希罗多德的著作,而使用以色列奴隶的观点在金字塔落成数个世纪之后才出现的[87][89][90]
古雕塑最初是被涂上颜色的。[91] 图中显示第一门的奥古斯都像最初可能的颜色。
古罗马无人使用罗马式敬礼,如画作《荷拉斯兄弟之誓》(1784年)中所描绘。
  • 罗马式敬礼,即伸出完全伸直的手臂并将手掌向下,并非古罗马时期所使用。这个手势最早与古罗马相关联是在1784年法国艺术家雅克-路易·大卫的绘画《荷拉斯兄弟之誓》中,并在后来启发了其他敬礼,最著名的即是纳粹礼[94]
  • 剖腹产的英文名“Caesarean Section”源自Caesarea。按字面解释,即为凯撒的切开。在德文、日文之中,这种手术都被称为“帝王切开”。但是,凯撒并不是透过剖腹产出生的。在凯撒时代,剖腹产是极端危险的手术,对于母亲来说几乎是一个必死的选择。凯撒的母亲在他45岁时还活着[95][96]。而“Caesarean”一词可能来自拉丁动词“caedere”,意为“切割”[97]
  • 古希腊哲学家希帕提娅之死,并不是因为她持有异端宗教观点,而是因为她卷入了她的好友兼学生亚历山大城总督{{绿链|en|Orestes (prefect)|欧瑞斯提斯}}和总主教亚历山大的西里尔间的政治矛盾,最终被一群基督教修士残忍杀害[98]。她的死亡也与亚历山大图书馆的消亡无关[99],该图书馆很可能在希帕提娅出生前数个世纪就已经不存在了[99]
  • 小西庇阿第三次布匿战争中战胜迦太基以后并没有将该城夷为平地并洒盐。这一说法源于《剑桥古代史》1930年版中的一篇错误文章[100]

中世纪

  • 中世纪并不是“无知野蛮迷信的时代”,教会也没有将宗教权威凌驾于个人经验和理性活动之上。现代历史学家倾向避免使用“黑暗时代”这一词语[101]
  • 不论用什么方法来测量,现代人的预期寿命确实比中世纪或更以前的人还来得高许多[102];不过预期寿命常常错误地和一个成年人预期可存活的寿命相混淆,这个混淆会导致“成年人不太可能活过平均寿命”这种错误的印象。事实上,成年人已经避免了许多会在幼年时期导致死亡的因素,因此成年人的预期寿命会远远高于出生时的预期寿命[103]。不同年龄的人的预期寿命,尤其是儿童期之后的人的预期寿命,常常会和出生时的预期寿命有很大的差异,在工业革命前更是如此。 [103]例如在十三世纪时,英国贵族的平均寿命大约是30岁,但对于当时活到21岁的成年男性而言,他们的预期寿命大约是64岁。
  • 没有证据或文物显示维京人的头盔上有角作装饰。这在战斗中非常不实用[104]
  • 维京人也不会用敌人的头盖骨作酒碗。此源自一项错误翻译,于将诗中使用的“ór bjúgviðum hausa”(直译为头骨枝条)译作头盖骨,但实际上是指{{tsl|en|drinking horn|牛角杯}}[105]
  • 维京人并没有将冰岛命名为“冰岛”以阻止其他人前往定居。最早到达冰岛的弗洛基等人到达岛上时看到了冰,因此这样命名[106]。相对的格陵兰(Greenland,“绿地”)的命名希望借此名称吸引定居者[107]
  • 铁处女并非于中世纪发明,或曾用于酷刑,而是在18世纪时,博物馆为哗众取宠而凑合成的作品。 [108]
  • 欧洲士兵的板甲并不会使人不便于行,也不需要被吊起来才能骑上马。士兵们通常会在地面上战斗,可以在不需要他人协助下自己上下马匹[109]中世纪后期在比武中使用的盔甲比在战争中使用的要重得多[110],这可能促成了这种误解。
  • 关于贞操带(防止女性发生性行为的装置)是否在中世纪时期发明,现代历史学家对此存在争议,认为大多数现存的贞操带不是赝品,就是在19世纪和20世纪初的反手淫装置[111]
中世纪画家对球形地球的描绘

近现代

拿破仑并非如画作中般是个矮子。
14岁时的爱因斯坦,他的数学并没有不好。
  • 爱因斯坦在学校并没有数学不及格的纪录。爱因斯坦曾说:“我在数学方面从未失手......十五岁之前我已经掌握了微积分[129]。” 爱因斯坦的确在1895年第一次尝试考取苏黎世联邦理工学院时落榜,但这时的他比其他考生年轻两岁,且数学和科学部分的成绩非常优异。他再考第二次后就通过考试[130]
  • 诺贝尔没有因为与数学家哥斯塔·米塔-列夫勒不合而不设立诺贝尔奖数学奖,也不是因为诺贝尔的配偶与一位数学家有染。很少有证据表明诺贝尔与米塔-列夫勒见过面,且诺贝尔终生未婚。对此,更可能的解释是诺贝尔认为数学对于造福人类来说“过于理论化”,以及他个人对该领域缺乏兴趣[131]。 {{crossreference|(另见:诺贝尔奖争议)}}
红色为《解放奴隶宣言》生效区,蓝色为未生效区。 美利坚合众国宪法第十三条修正案通过后才算是正式废除全美各地的奴隶制。

科学

天文学和航空航天

月球背面,由阿波罗16号在1972年拍摄,被太阳清楚地照亮,比月球正面有更多的撞击坑
  • 月球背面有时会被称为月球“暗面”,但该面接收到的太阳光与“正面”接收到的大致相同。 “暗面”一词并不意味着它从不接收光线,而是因为月球的同一面始终面向地球,因此该面直到月球3号前去探测前都是未知的[157][158][159][160][161]
  • 黑洞对周遭物体的重力效应与其他同等质量的物体相同[162]。例如,如果太阳被同样质量的黑洞替换,行星的轨道基本上不会受到影响。黑洞确实能够吸引吞噬大量的周围物质,但前提是形成该黑洞的恒星在塌缩前就有如此现象。 [163]
地球的赤道与地球轨道平面并不一致,这意味着北半球在一年中的一半时间里更倾向于太阳,另一半时间则反之。这是季节性温度变化的主要原因,而不是地球在其轨道上与太阳的距离
sp=us}},位于山西内蒙古交界处。

生物学和生理学

脊椎动物

  • 年迈的大象不会离开伙伴前往“大象墓地”等死[180]
红布不会激怒斗牛。
  • 公牛不会被斗牛士使用的红色斗篷激怒。牛是色盲,红色在它们眼中并不突出。它们的攻击性是来自斗牛者挑衅性的动作[181]
  • 旅鼠在迁徙时并不会集体跳崖自杀。 1958年迪士尼纪录片《{{le|白色旷野|White Wilderness (film)}}》中出现的旅鼠自杀场景完全是假的[182]。这个错误概念早在19世纪末就已经存在,但其确切的起源尚不清楚[183]
  • 狗并不是通过唾液来排汗[184]。实际上狗是有汗腺的,且汗腺并不是只分布于舌头上。狗主要通过脚掌排汗。不过,狗确实是将喘气作为一种体温调节的手段[185]
  • 狗的衰老速度并不一定比人类快七倍。狗的衰老速度因品种而异。大多数狗在第一年的成长过程中都会有一致的年龄并于一岁时进入青春期。小型和中型品种在成年后的衰老速度明显放缓,某些品种(如大型犬和斗牛犬)的寿命则远短于平均[186]
  • 狼不会对着月亮嚎叫月相也不会影响狼嚎[187]。狼会在很多情况下嚎叫,例如在狩猎前后召集群体、警报(特别是在巢穴中)、在过陌生领地时相互定位,以及在远距离间进行沟通等[188]
  • 狼群中没有所谓的“领袖”。在早期文献中,狼群通常被描述为具有严格的社会阶级结构,但是研究只观察了被关在圈养环境中、彼此没有血亲关联的的成年狼群。在野外的狼群就如同核心家庭:父母会掌管家庭, 直到幼狼长大并发展自己的家庭。年轻的狼不会推翻“领袖”成为新的领袖[189][190]
  • 蝙蝠不是瞎子。虽然大约70%的蝙蝠物种(主要是小蝙蝠)使用回声定位来导航,但所有蝙蝠物种都有眼睛且具有视力。此外,几乎所有的狐蝠都无法使用回声定位,且具有良好的夜视能力[191]
  • 温水煮青蛙这一寓言并不准确。青蛙一旦被扔进沸水中会立即死亡,而非跳出来。如果把青蛙放入水中逐渐加热,青蛙会因设法逃离而变的越来越来活跃,并最终跳出[192]
  • 金鱼的记忆力不只维持3秒,而是可以维持几个月[193][194]
  • 鲨鱼会得癌症。 1992年的书籍《鲨鱼不会得癌症》宣传鲨鱼软骨萃取物可用于癌症预防治疗,造成了这样的错误看法。目前已有关于鲨鱼得癌症的报告,并且现有数据也还不能对鲨鱼的肿瘤发生率下定论[195]
  • 大白鲨并不会将潜水员误认为海豹鳍足类动物。在攻击鳍足类动物时,鲨鱼会快速浮出水面并猛烈展开攻击。相比之下,鲨鱼对人类的攻击速度较慢,攻击力度也较小。鲨鱼会以正常速度冲刺,咬一口后便游开。事实上大白鲨有卓越的视力和彩色视觉,它们咬人不是为了捕食,单纯只是出于好奇,咬一下以识别陌生的物体[196]
  • 蛇并不能脱臼以增加张口度。蛇的下颚骨的后端有着特化的方骨,其细长且非常灵活,能允许下颚向外延伸。此外蛇的下颚骨间是由韧带相连,使其向外弯曲,增加口张度[197][198]
  • 番茄汁番茄沙司不能消除臭鼬的气味。这只是因为人们的嗅觉疲劳造成的错觉[199]。对于被臭鼬喷中的犬只,{{le|美国人道主义协会|Humane Society of the United States}}建议使用稀释过的双氧水(3%)、小苏打洗碗精混合的溶液[200]
  • 豪猪不会发射出它们的棘刺来攻击敌人。豪猪的刺可以脱离身体,而它们会刻意倒退到敌人身上来刺它们,但豪猪刺并不会“发射”出去[201][202][203]
  • 老鼠并没有特别爱吃起司。老鼠只会在没有更好的食物选择时吃起司,而它们实际上偏爱含糖的甜食。这个迷思可能来自于冰箱发明之前,起司通常被放在户外存放,因此对老鼠来说是一种容易取得的食物[204]
  • 没有可信的证据表明卷须寄生鲶(一种南美洲的寄生性鲶鱼)会在人们于它所在的水中排尿时误入他们的尿道。这种事件的唯一记录案例出现在1997年的文献中,但其在同侪审查中受到严厉批评。这种现象现在被广泛认为是一种谬误[205]
  • 食人鱼杂食性动物,不只吃肉。且它们结成鱼群只是为了防御天敌,并非攻击行为。它们极少攻击人类,只有在感到压力和威胁时才会咬人,而且通常只会咬手和脚[206]
  • 河马乳汁不是粉红色的。河马皮肤会分泌的一种红色色素“河马汗酸”,但这不会影响它们乳汁的颜色。其乳汁颜色一样为白色或米色[207]
  • 人类碰触或照顾鸟蛋或幼鸟并不会导致成鸟遗弃它们[208],对其他动物(如犬猫)来说亦是如此。一般来说这么做都不会导致成年动物遗弃幼崽,除了兔子有可能会感到受创并离开巢穴[209]

{{Listen | filename = Bald_Eagle_Yellowstone_National_Park.ogg | title = 白头海雕的鸣叫声 | description = 白头海雕的鸣叫声,录于黄石国家公园 | pos = right | help = no }}

  • 在流行文化中,美国的国鸟白头海雕通常被描绘成有着宏亮抖擞的鸣叫声,但这实际上是红尾𫛭的声音。实际上白头海雕的叫声柔和,听起来更像海鸥的叫声[210][211]
  • 鸵鸟不会把把头埋进土里里来躲避敌人或睡觉[212]。这种误解的起源尚不确定,但可能是由古罗马学者老普林尼(23-79年)所流传。他写道鸵鸟“会想像当它们把头和脖子伸进灌木丛里,整个身体就都隐藏起来了”[213]
  • 变色龙的变色能力并非仅为了伪装而演化而来,而且变色龙无法完美改变其肤色以完全融入背景[214]

无脊椎动物

  • 不是所有的蚯蚓被切成两半就能变成两条蚯蚓。只有少数蚯蚓物种[215]具有头部再生能力[216]
  • 家蝇的平均寿命为20至30天,并非24小时[217]。这个观念可能源自于把家蝇与蜉蝣搞混了,某些蜉蝣物种的成虫寿命只有5分钟[218]
  • 人并不会在睡眠中吞下大量的蜘蛛。睡眠中的人会发出声音,对蜘蛛而言是带有危险的警告[219][220]。大多数人也都会在脸上有蜘蛛时从睡眠中醒来[221]
台湾大刀螳雌虫在交配的同时肢解并吃掉雄虫。此行为并非每次交配都会发生。
  • 雌性螳螂并不常在交配时肢解并吃掉雄性螳螂[222]
一种熊蜂紫锥花的顶部盘旋。一个广为流传的错误观念认为熊蜂应该没有飞行能力。
  • 熊蜂的飞行并不违反空气动力学,而是由于昆虫飞行的物理机制不同于固定翼飞机,因此在1934年一本书中的错误推论导致了这种误解。事实上科学家对昆虫飞行已经有相当完善的理解[223]
  • 蜜蜂对许多植物的授粉固然至关重要,但若没有蜜蜂为植物授粉,人类并不会因此饥饿或灭绝。有观念指如果没有蜜蜂的授粉,人类会在四年内饿死[224],但事实上许多重要的作物根本不需要昆虫授粉。占人类食物能量总量60%的十大重要作物均属于此类[225][226]
  • 白蚁并不是蚂蚁,也不是蚂蚁的近亲。白蚁实际上和蟑螂亲缘关系更接近[227][228][229]
  • 虽然蟑螂辐射的耐受性比脊椎动物高得多,但不代表蟑螂对辐射免疫,蟑螂也不比其他昆虫更具有耐辐射能力。蟑螂不会是唯一能够在受到核辐射污染的环境中生存的生物[230][231]。由于不是所有蟑螂都在同一时间蜕皮(最易受到辐射影响的阶段),因此许多蟑螂不会受到急性辐射爆发的影响,但持续和更严重的辐射仍然会对它们造成伤害。蟑螂更无法在直接的核爆中生存[232][233]
  • 尿涂抹在被海蜇螫伤的部位上并不能缓解疼痛[234]。此观念在传统民间流传几百年[235][236],并且据说因为六人行的其中一集而变得更加流行[236]

植物

背对着太阳的向日葵
  • 向日葵不会一直朝向太阳。开花的向日葵会整天面向一个固定方向(通常是东方),但不一定面向太阳[240]。在其早期的发育阶段(花苞出现之前)幼苗会追踪太阳的运动,并导致成熟的向日葵固定朝向某个方向排列[241]
  • 蕈类霉菌真菌不是植物。真菌在形态和生活方式上与植物有相似之处并曾归类为植物,但此观念已经过时。现代分子生物学证据显示真菌与动物更为相关,但真菌仍然常被包含在植物学的课程和教科书中[242][243][244]

生物演化论

人类生理学

  • 舌头味觉图是错误的。舌头所有部位都能感应所有味道[255]
  • 基本味觉不是四种,而是五种,除了外,还有[256]不是味觉,而是痛觉
  • 体能锻炼引起的肌肉酸痛不是乳酸堆积造成的[257]。在运动时和运动后肌肉乳酸浓度与肌肉酸痛没有相关性[258]。通常认为锻炼引起的肌肉酸痛来源于因为不习惯或剧烈运动引起的微创伤[259]
  • 旁观者通常不容易察觉到溺水[260]。在大多数情况下,本能性溺水反应使溺水者无法挥舞或大喊[260],因此挥舞和大喊不是判断溺水的可靠迹象[261]
  • 不存在判断一名女性是否为处女的生理测试,处女膜的状况不能说明一个人的性经历[262][263]。出血与第一次阴道性交并不直接相关,也不提供任何有关性经验的信息[262][263]。贞操测试没有科学依据[264]
  • 目前为止还没有证据证明G点是存在的,普遍共识是所谓的G点并不存在[265][266][267][268]
  • 人并不是只使用大脑的百分之十。虽然在一个特定的时间大脑中只有少数神经元主动激发,但不活跃的神经元也很重要[269][270]。这一误解往往归因于威廉·詹姆士,但他的说法只是隐喻[271]
  • 皮肤泡水起皱不是因为皮肤吸水[272],而是由自主神经系统在水分的刺激下引发局部性血管收缩,使皮下组织收缩起皱[273][274]
  • 饮食对身体排毒几乎没有影响,服用某些食物来排毒没有科学依据[275]。一些科学家认为这样的饮食方案是浪费时间和金钱[276]。尽管如此,某些特定的饮食能够排出身体无法排出的毒素这种观点依然十分普遍[277][278][279][280]。毒素的排出是通过肝脏和肾脏进行的[275]
  • 一天八杯水、一天2到3升水的说法都是不准确的[281]。每天人体需水量取决于许多因素:体重、饮食、活动强度、衣着多少、环境的温度和湿度等。水并不都是以纯水的形式摄入,也可以通过食物和饮料补充[281]

化学和材料科学

  • 玻璃室温下并不会像高黏度液体一样流动[282]。玻璃和液体具有一些相似的分子特性,但玻璃在室温下是固体,只有在几百度以上的高温下才会开始流动[283][284]。厚底薄顶的老玻璃是来自其生产过程造成,而不是慢慢流动的结果[283][284]。某些类似甚至更老的玻璃物品中不一定会观察到这种扭曲现象。 [283][284][285]
  • 大多数钻石不是由高度压缩的煤炭形成的。超过99%曾经被采矿的钻石形成于地表下约{{convert|140|km|||abbr=|sp=us}}处极端高温高压的条件下。煤炭是由史前植物埋藏于地表附近形成的,不太可能透过普通的地质活动移动到地表{{Convert|3.2|km||abbr=|sp=us}}以下。大多数经过定年的钻石都确定比第一批陆地植物还要古老,也就是说钻石比煤炭还要古老许多[286]
  • 钻石摩氏硬度中已知最硬的材料,但并非无比坚硬,会受到磨损和刮伤。钻石可以被其他钻石刮伤[287],甚至被硬度远低于它的材料(如黑胶唱片)磨损[288]
  • 锡箔”和“锡罐头”都已不使用作为主要材料。自20世纪以来铝箔已经全面取代锡箔。而现今的罐头主要使用作为主要金属[289]
  • 铅笔芯没有且不曾含有。会如此称呼是因为石墨曾被称为“黑铅”[290]

电脑与网际网路

环境科学

过去2000年的全球表面温度。使用树木年轮、珊瑚和冰芯等间接重建的数据呈现在蓝色曲线上[306],直接观测到的数据则以红色曲线表示[307]
全球暖化并不是由于臭氧层空洞造成的。
位于英格兰的科塔姆发电站(已停运),该电厂排放的气体是冷却过程中产生的无害水蒸气。
  • 发电厂等设施中的冷却塔不会排放烟雾或有害气体,而是排放水蒸气,不会对气候变化造成影响[316][317]
  • 闪电经常会在击中同一个地方两次。在雷雨中,闪电有较高机率击中较突出或具有导电性的物体及地点。例如闪电平均每年会击中纽约市帝国大厦23次[318][319][320][321]
  • 黄石火山并不会在短期内会发生超级火山喷发[322]
  • 地球内部并非由熔岩构成。这可能来自对地幔对流一词的误解,错误地假设只有液体和气体才能对流。实际上,具有较大瑞利数的固体物质在足够的时间内也可以对流,地幔中巨大热梯度所引起的对流即是如此[323][324]。地幔中的确有一些小熔岩囊,但这些只占地幔体积的一小部分[325];地球的外核也确实是液态,但是它是由液态金属而非岩石构成[326]
  • 亚马逊雨林并没有提供地球20%的氧气。这是对2010年一项研究的误解,该研究发现,大约有34%的陆地植物光合作用发生在热带雨林中(故亚马逊雨林大约占其中一半)。由于生物的呼吸作用,所有生态系统(包括亚马逊雨林)的净氧输出大约为零。大气中目前存在的氧气是在数十亿年的时间里累积起来的[327]

地理

{{See also|麦卡托投影法#错觉}}

好望角和非洲最南端厄加勒斯角的地图

发明

数学

{{See also|无效证明}}

Marble bust of a man with a long, pointed beard, wearing a taenia, a kind of ancient Greek head covering in this case resembling a turban. The face is somewhat gaunt and has prominent, but thin, eyebrows, which seem halfway fixed into a scowl. The ends of his mustache are long a trail halfway down the length of his beard to about where the bottom of his chin would be if we could see it. None of the hair on his head is visible, since it is completely covered by the taenia.
pages=2–3}}。
  • 希腊哲学家毕达哥拉斯并不是第一个发现勾股定理的人,早于他之前几个世纪前的巴比伦人印度人就已经知道并使用它了{{sfn|Burkert|1972|pages=429, 462}}[342]{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}}[343]。毕达哥拉斯可能是第一个向希腊人介绍这个定理的人{{sfn|Burkert|1972|page=429}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}},而勾股定理直到达哥拉斯逝世两百年后才于欧几里得的《几何原本》中被证明
  • 没有证据表明古希腊人设计帕特农神庙时有意使其符合黄金比例[344]。帕特农神庙于公元前438年建成,比欧几里得首次记录黄金比例的时间早了一个多世纪。同样,达文西的《维特鲁威人》中也没有提到黄金比例,但有描述许多其他比例[345]
  • 循环小数0.999…”所表示的数与“1”相同。尽管看起来它比1小,但0.999…和0.333…一样,都是对相应数量的等价符号。例如,0.333…是表示{{frac|1|3}}的等价符号[346]
  • P值不是虚无假说为真或对立假说为假的概率,而是在虚无假说为真的前提下,获得“至少与{{link-en|实现 (概率论)|Realization (probability)|实际观察结果}}一样极端的结果”之概率。这可以表明结果与虚无假说所假设的特定统计模型之不相容性[347]。这类误解导致P值在教育和研究中被普遍误用[347][348]
  • 如果一枚公正的硬币抛掷五次并且每次都出现正面,第六次抛掷并不会更有可能出现反面。换句话说,在经历了一连串低机率发生的独立随机事件后,下一个事件的机率不会受到前面事件影响。 人们常常感觉到一直未出现的结果会更有可能发生。这种思考可能归因于误解“赌博”或是“机会”本身是公平的,会在出现连续事件后自我修正[349]

心理学

  • 又称“精神分裂”的思觉失调症并不会构成多重人格解离性人格疾患才会构成多重人格[350]{{rp|189}}。
  • 聆听莫札特的音乐不会让婴儿变得聪明。最初的研究是针对学院学生的短期空间能力,几乎没有证据显示其会长时间影响人的智力水平[350]{{rp|45-48}}[351]
  • 青少年大多不会出现持绩心理动荡的情况。就大多数青少年的情况而言,他们与照顾者和同侪的相处很好,情绪正面积极或平静[350]{{rp|49-51}}。

参考文献

{{Reflist|30em}}

Category:社会相关列表 Category:错误观念

  1. ^ {{Cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=David|website=Snopes|title=What Does Adidas Stand For?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/adidas/%7Cdate=2000-11-21%7Caccess-date=2022-06-28%7Carchive-date=2023-04-04%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005839/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/adidas/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  2. ^ {{Cite web |last=VanHooker |first=Brian |website=MEL Magazine |title=The True Story Behind Adidas' 'All Day I Dream About Sex' (And Other Bogus Brand Acronyms) |date=2020-10-27 |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-does-adidas-stand-for-bing-ford-spam |access-date=2022-06-28 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225346/https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-does-adidas-stand-for-bing-ford-spam |dead-url=no }}
  3. ^ {{Cite web|website=Los Angeles Times|title=Sports Legend Revealed: Did Adidas get its name from the acronym "All Day I Dream About Soccer"? |date=2010-10-12 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/sports-now/story/2010-10-12/sports-legend-revealed-did-adidas-get-its-name-from-the-acronym-all-day-i-dream-about-soccer |access-date=2022-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220628231853/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/sports-now/story/2010-10-12/sports-legend-revealed-did-adidas-get-its-name-from-the-acronym-all-day-i-dream-about-soccer%7Carchive-date=2022-06-28}}
  4. ^ a. {{cite web |title=The Claus That Refreshes |url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mCN7QiUB?url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |archive-date=2009-12-22 |access-date=2008-01-07 |work=Snopes.com |date=2001-12-18 }}
    b. {{cite web |year=2001 |title=Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement? |url=http://www.whiterocking.org/santa.html#article |access-date=2007-01-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mCN7QiUB?url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |archive-date=2009-12-22 |publisher=The White Rock Collectors Association |website=whiterocking.org }}
    c. {{cite web |date=2006-12-18 |title=Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing! |work=BevNET.com |url=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp |access-date=2007-01-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mCN7QiUB?url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |archive-date=2009-12-22 |url-status=live }}
    d. Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine
    e. Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine
    f. Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine
    g. {{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Robert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQV6Dl334DEC |title=Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from the Last Century |publisher=Square One Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7570-0105-5 |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2023-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034115/https://books.google.com/books?id=nQV6Dl334DEC |dead-url=no }}
  5. ^ {{Cite web|last=Rodriguez|first=Ashley|website=Quartz|title=Netflix was founded 20 years ago today because Reed Hastings was late returning a video|date=2017-08-29|url=https://qz.com/1062888/netflix-was-founded-20-years-ago-today-because-reed-hastings-was-late-a-returning-video/%7Caccess-date=2022-06-28%7Cquote=The real origin story wasn't as clean or concise, according to co-founder and former CEO Marc Randolph. He says Hastings began telling the tall Apollo 13 tale to give a sexy explanation for how Netflix worked. There was no late fee, no aha moment, just long commutes in Silicon Valley that the pair spent plotting their next venture around the time that Hastings's first business, Pure Software, merged with Atria, where Randolph worked, and sold to another company.|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005112/https://qz.com/1062888/netflix-was-founded-20-years-ago-today-because-reed-hastings-was-late-a-returning-video%7Cdead-url=no}}
  6. ^ {{Cite book|last=Keating|first=Gina|chapter=Prologue |title=Netflixed: The Epic Battle for America's Eyeballs |url=https://archive.org/details/netflixedepicbat0000keat_g4w4%7Cpublisher=Portfolio |date=2013-09-24|isbn=978-1-59184-659-8|pages=3–4}}
  7. ^ {{Cite web|last=Carey|first=Alexis|website=The New Zealand Herald|title=True story behind Netflix's rise – and the downfall of Blockbuster|date=2020-01-18|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/true-story-behind-netflixs-rise-and-the-downfall-of-blockbuster/HLRQWBNIF7ZFSXHF4L5RZ3JAEQ/%7Caccess-date=2022-06-28%7Carchive-date=2023-04-04%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005839/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/true-story-behind-netflixs-rise-and-the-downfall-of-blockbuster/HLRQWBNIF7ZFSXHF4L5RZ3JAEQ/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  8. ^ {{Cite web|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|website=CNBC|title=Reed Hastings' story about the founding of Netflix has changed several times|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/23/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-on-how-the-company-was-born.html%7Cdate=2017-05-23%7Caccess-date=2022-07-01%7Carchive-date=2017-11-02%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102211235/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/23/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-on-how-the-company-was-born.html%7Cdead-url=no}}
  9. ^ {{Cite web |last=Musgrave |first=Paul |date=2021-11-27 |title=The Doomed Voyage of Pepsi's Soviet Navy |website=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/27/pepsi-navy-soviet-ussr/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185742/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/27/pepsi-navy-soviet-ussr/ |dead-url=no }}
  10. ^ {{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Kaiyah |date=2022-05-24 |title=Fact Check: NO Pepsi Navy – U.S.-Soviet Deal Did NOT Make Pepsi The '6th Most Powerful Military In The World' |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/05/fact-check-no-pepsi-navy-pepsi-was-not-the-6th-most-powerful-military-in-the-world.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330115731/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/05/fact-check-no-pepsi-navy-pepsi-was-not-the-6th-most-powerful-military-in-the-world.html |dead-url=no }}
  11. ^ {{Cite book|edition=Completely rev. and updated|chapter=On food and cooking : the science and lore of the kitchen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56590708%7Cpublisher=Scribner%7Cdate=2004%7Clocation=New York|isbn=0-684-80001-2|oclc=56590708|first=Harold|last=McGee|title=|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2009-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918215407/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56590708%7Cdead-url=no}}
  12. ^ {{Cite web|title=Monosodium L-glutamate: A double-blind study and review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027869159390012N?via%3Dihub%7Caccess-date=2021-04-11%7Carchive-date=2021-04-11%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411171516/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027869159390012N?via%3Dihub%7Cdead-url=no}}
  13. ^ a. See {{cite web |url=http://www.consumeraffairs.com/nutrition/expiration_dates.htm |title=Expiration dates |publisher=Consumer Affairs |access-date=2011-11-11 |archive-date=2018-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724170816/https://www.consumeraffairs.com/nutrition/expiration_dates.htm |dead-url=no }}
    b. {{cite web|title=Food Product Dating|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating%7Caccess-date=2015-04-24%7Carchive-date=2020-12-01%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201111750/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating%7Cdead-url=no}}
    c. {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-foodsafety-dates/harvard-study-finds-food-expiration-labels-are-misleading-idUSBRE98H15F20130918%7Ctitle=Harvard study finds food expiration labels are misleading|publisher=Reuters|date=2013-09-18|access-date=2022-11-30|quote=“People think the use-by date means either the product is going to die or you’re going to die if you eat it... If the food looks rotten and smells bad, you should throw it away, but just because it’s past the date on the package, it doesn’t mean it’s unsafe.|archive-date=2022-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213165333/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-foodsafety-dates/harvard-study-finds-food-expiration-labels-are-misleading-idUSBRE98H15F20130918%7Cdead-url=no}}
  14. ^ {{cite web|date=2011-11-11|last=Gunders|first=Dana|title="Use-By" Dates: a Myth that Needs Busting|url=https://www.nrdc.org/experts/dana-gunders/use-dates-myth-needs-busting%7Caccess-date=2022-02-22%7Cwebsite=NRDC%7Clanguage=en%7Carchive-date=2022-12-09%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209135453/https://www.nrdc.org/experts/dana-gunders/use-dates-myth-needs-busting%7Cdead-url=no}}
  15. ^ {{Cite web|title=赏味期限与消费期限差在哪?专家教你看懂外国包装!|url=https://www.medpartner.club/best-before-expiry-date-difference/%7Caccess-date=2022-06-07%7Cdate=2019-02-25%7Clast=medpartner%7Cwork=美的好朋友%7Clanguage=zh-Hant%7Carchive-date=2021-10-20%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020173917/https://www.medpartner.club/best-before-expiry-date-difference/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  16. ^ {{cite web |title=New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics (2005) |url=http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504035555/http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-05-04 }}
  17. ^ {{cite journal |last1=Tandon |first1=G. L. |last2=Dravid |first2=S. V. |last3=Siddappa |first3=G. S. |title=Oleoresin of Capsicum (Red Chilies)?Some Technological and Chemical Aspects |journal=Journal of Food Science |date=January 1964 |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1964.tb01683.x}}
  18. ^ Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", The British Medical Journal (now called The BMJ) 335:1288 (December 20, 2007), {{doi|10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25}}
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 {{cite web|title=7 Common Medical Myths Debunked|url=https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/news/20071220/7-common-medical-myths-debunked%7Cwebsite=WebMD%7Caccess-date=2023-04-10%7Carchive-date=2023-03-17%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317040423/https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/news/20071220/7-common-medical-myths-debunked%7Cdead-url=no}}
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 {{cite news|last=Lee|first=Jennifer|date=2008-01-16|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html%7Ctitle=Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie|access-date=2012-05-10|archive-date=2012-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418163729/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html%7Cdead-url=no}}
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 {{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/food/origins/fortune.asp |title=Inscrutable Cookie |last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |website=Snopes.com |date=2008-06-09}}
  22. ^ {{cite news |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=2013-04-21 |title=Potato Chip Origin |work=Snopes |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/potato-chips/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403223243/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/potato-chips/ |dead-url=no }}
  23. ^ {{cite journal |first1=William S. |last1=Fox |first2=Mae G. |last2=Banner |title=Social and Economic Contexts of Folklore Variants: The Case of Potato Chip Legends |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_western-folklore_1983-04_42_2/page/114 |journal=Western Folklore |volume=42 |number=2 |date=April 1983 |pages=114–126 |doi=10.2307/1499968 |jstor=1499968}}
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 {{cite web |first1=Brandon |last1=Tensley |title=How the Potato Chip Took Over America |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/curious-history-potato-chip-180979232/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=January 2022 |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225342/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/curious-history-potato-chip-180979232/ |dead-url=no }}
  25. ^ {{cite news|last=McElwain|first=Aoife|date=2019-06-17|title=Did Tayto really invent cheese and onion crisps?|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/did-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726%7Caccess-date=2022-06-23%7Cwork=Irish Times|quote=One of the oldest known published recipes for crisps is by William Kitchiner, an optician who doubled up as a Georgian-era celebrity chef. His book, A Cook's Oracle, published in 1817, was a big hit in the UK and a young America. Kitchiner's recipe – Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings – calls for slivers of potato fried in "lard or dripping" and "served with a very little salt sprinkled over them".|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725143450/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/did-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fdid-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726%7Cdead-url=no}}
  26. ^ {{cite book|first=Dick|last=Burhans|chapter=Creation Myths|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |title=Crunch!: A History of the Great American Potato Chip |year=2008|isbn=978-0299227708|pages=17–20}}
  27. ^ a. Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter Scholliers, Writing Food History: A Global Perspective, {{isbn|1847888097}}, p. 24
    b. {{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Dalby|author-link=Andrew Dalby|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5|page=156}}
    c. {{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Jotischky|title=A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4411-5991-5|page=170}}
    d. {{cite book|first=Michael|last=Krondl|title=The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice|url=https://archive.org/details/tasteofconquestr0000kron_u6r5%7Cyear=2007%7Cisbn=978-0-345-48083-5%7Cpage=6}}
  28. ^ {{cite news|first=Craig S.|last=Smith|date=2005-04-06|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/dining/the-raw-truth-dont-blame-the-mongols-or-their-horses.html%7Ctitle=The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses)|work=The New York Times|page=F2|accessdate=2023-04-10|archive-date=2022-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426025745/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/dining/the-raw-truth-dont-blame-the-mongols-or-their-horses.html%7Cdead-url=no}}
  29. ^ {{cite book | title=How to Cook Revised Edition: An Easy and Imaginative Guide for the Beginner| last= Sokolov | first= Raymond | year= 2004 | publisher= Harper Collins | location= New York, NY (USA) | isbn= 978-0-06-008391-5 | pages= 41–42 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iso1q7-jCn8C&q=steak+tartare+sokolov&pg=PT55 | access-date = 2012-06-03 }}
  30. ^ Albert Jack, What Caesar Did for My Salad: Not to Mention the Earl's Sandwich, Pavlova's Meringue and Other Curious Stories Behind Our Favourite Food, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-84614-254-3}}, p. 141 at Google Books
  31. ^ a. Maryann Tebben, Sauces: A Global History, 2014, {{isbn|1780234139}}, chapter 5
    b. {{cite web|url=http://www.domainedechantilly.com/domaine-de-chantilly/cr%C3%A8me-chantilly/histoire-de-la-cr%C3%A8me-chantilly%7Ctitle=Histoire de la Crème Chantilly|website=Domaine de Chantilly|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416042751/http://www.domainedechantilly.com/domaine-de-chantilly/cr%C3%A8me-chantilly/histoire-de-la-cr%C3%A8me-chantilly%7Carchive-date=2013-04-16}}
  32. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html |title=National Pasta Association |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211605/http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html |archivedate=2012-03-20 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2016-04-28 }} article FAQs section "Who "invented" pasta?"; "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." (Dickie 2008, p. 48).
  33. ^ S. Serventi, F. Sabban La pasta. Storia e cultura di un cibo universale, VII. Economica Laterza 2004
  34. ^ Xinhua, 12 September 2007, "Pizza and Ice Cream: The Chinese Delicacies Marco Polo Brought Back to the West." {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2007-09/12/content_6707259.htm |date=20141022194847 }} (Chinese)
  35. ^ "The History Of Pizza." {{Wayback|url=http://www.thenibble.com/REVIEWS/MAIN/pastas/fall-pizza-recipes.asp |date=20160324105048 }} The Nibble. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
  36. ^ "Marco Polo & the Merchants of Venice." {{Wayback|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodfaq3.html#venice |date=20160509202947 }} The Food Timeline. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
  37. ^ {{cite web|last=Keener|first=Candace|url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm%7Ctitle=HowStuffWorks "Let Them Eat Cake"|publisher=History.howstuffworks.com|accessdate=2010-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904040526/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm%7Carchivedate=2012-09-04%7Cdeadurl=no}}
  38. ^ {{cite journal |last1=Soltysiak |first1=Michal |last2=Celuch |first2=Malgorzata |last3=Erle |first3=Ulrich |title=Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven |journal=2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |date=June 2011 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844|isbn=978-1-61284-754-2 |s2cid=41526758 }}
  39. ^ {{cite web|author=Bloomfield, Louis |url=http://www.howeverythingworks.org/page1.php?QNum=1456 |title=Question 1456 |publisher=How Everything Works |access-date=2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017005928/http://www.howeverythingworks.org/page1.php?QNum=1456 | archive-date =2013-10-17}}
  40. ^ {{cite web|url=http://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/10/15/why-are-the-microwaves-in-a-microwave-oven-tuned-to-water/%7Cfirst=Christopher S.|last=Baird|title=Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water|website=Science Questions with Surprising Answers|date=2014-10-15|access-date=2023-04-10|archive-date=2022-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023155457/https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/10/15/why-are-the-microwaves-in-a-microwave-oven-tuned-to-water/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  41. ^ a. {{cite web |title=Microwave Technology Penetration Depths |url=http://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |website=pueschner.com |publisher=Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304055814/https://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |dead-url=no }}
    b. {{cite web |last1=Health |first1=Center for Devices and Radiological |title=Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products) – Microwave Oven Radiation |url=https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |website=fda.gov |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en |date=2017-12-12 |archive-date=2014-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124165841/http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |dead-url=no }}
  42. ^ a. {{cite journal | doi= 10.2307/3579874 | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Jauchem | first2= JR | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Merritt | first4= JH | last5= Berger | first5= RE | last6= Stedham | first6= MA | title= Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves | journal= Radiation Research | volume= 150 | issue= 5 | pages= 568–76 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9806599 | jstor= 3579874 | bibcode= 1998RadR..150..568F }}
    b. {{cite journal | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Berger | first2= RE | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Guel | first4= V | last5= Jauchem | first5= JR | last6= Merritt | first6= JH | last7= Stedham | first7= MA | title= Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation | journal= Bioelectromagnetics | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 20–31 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9453703 | doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6 }}
  43. ^ {{cite web |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/ask-the-doctor-microwaves-impact-on-food |title=Ask the doctor: Microwave's impact on food |date=2015-06-12 |publisher=harvard.edu |access-date=2021-12-05 |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414011052/https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/ask-the-doctor-microwaves-impact-on-food |dead-url=no }}
  44. ^ {{cite book |last1=Knowles |first1=Elizabeth |title=What They Didn't Say: A Book of Misquotations |date=2006-10-26 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-150054-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxFQqDLav6wC |language=en}}
  45. ^ Se reporter aux explications de l'article consacré à Voltaire
  46. ^ « Arrêtez avec le « je me battrai pour vous » de Voltaire ! » {{Wayback|url=http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/hoax/2011/04/14/arretez-avec-le-je-me-battrai-pour-vous-de-voltaire-199690 |date=20160720202918 }}, de Zineb Dryef, Rue89, publié le 14 avril 2011.
  47. ^ {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Bergen|author-link=Bergen Evans|title=Comfortable Words|quote=All dictionaries now recognize "a Frankenstein" as any monstrous creation that threatens to destroy its creator.|url=https://archive.org/details/comfortablewords00evan%7Curl-access=registration%7Cdate=1962%7Clocation=New York City|publisher=Random House}}
  48. ^ {{cite book|last=Garner|first=Bryan A.|title=A dictionary of modern American usage|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-507853-4|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn |quote=Today this ubiquitous usage must be accepted as standard}}
  49. ^ {{cite web|url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/%7Ctitle=Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri?|website=Classic fm|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2023-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403230244/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  50. ^ {{Cite journal|last1=Rauscher|first1=Frances H.|last2=Shaw|first2=Gordon L.|last3=Ky|first3=Catherine N.|year=1993|title=Music and spatial task performance|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/frances-rauscher-ph.d/Rauscher_ShawKy_1993.pdf/view%7Cjournal=Nature|volume=365|issue=6447|pages=611|doi=10.1038/365611a0|pmid=8413624|bibcode=1993Natur.365..611R|s2cid=1385692|access-date=2023-04-10|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151744/https://www.uwosh.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/frances-rauscher-ph.d/Rauscher_ShawKy_1993.pdf/view%7Cdead-url=no}}
  51. ^ {{cite book |title=Companion to Clinical Neurology |author=William Pryse-Phillips |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-515938-1 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}, p. 611 defines the term as "Slight and transient improvement in spational[sic] reasoning skills detected in normal subjects as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, specifically his sonata for two pianos (K448)."
  52. ^ {{cite journal|title=Effects of listening to Mozart and Bach on the performance of a mathematical test |pmid=10939064|author1=Bridgett, D.J. |author2=Cuevas, J.|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills |volume=90|issue=3 Pt 2|year=2000 |pages=1171–1175 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1171|s2cid=35762220}}
  53. ^ {{cite journal|author1=Thompson, W.F. |author2=Schellenberg, E.G. |author3=Husain, G. |title=Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2001-05_12_3/page/248 |journal=Psychological Science |volume=12|issue=3|pages=248–251 |pmid=11437309|year=2001|doi=10.1111/1467-9280.00345 |s2cid=17641225}}
  54. ^ {{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Martin H.|last2=West |first2=Stephen D.|last3=Estell|first3=David B. |title=The Mozart effect: Arousal, preference, and spatial performance |journal=Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts |volume=S|issue=1|year=2006|pages=26–32|doi=10.1037/1931-3896.S.1.26}}
  55. ^ {{cite journal |last1=Steele |first1=Kenneth M.|title=Arousal and mood factors in the "Mozart effect"|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills|volume=91|issue=1 |year=2000|pages=188–190 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.188|pmid=11011888|s2cid=21977655 |url=http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms//documents/Arousal.pdf |access-date=2015-11-04|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106155327/http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/documents/Arousal.pdf%7Curl-status=dead}}
  56. ^ {{cite book|author1=Frédéric Chopin|author2=Joseph Banowetz|title=Piano works|year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQ5lDhToBQC&pg=PR6%7Caccess-date=2010-10-02%7Cpublisher=Alfred Music Publishing|isbn=978-0-7692-9854-2|page=6}}
  57. ^ {{cite book|author=Maurice Hinson|title=The Pianist's Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov6znsHlhboC&pg=PA114%7Caccess-date=2010-10-02%7Cyear=2004%7Cpublisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21682-3|page=114|quote=This piece bears an erroneous nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz.}}
  58. ^ November 7, 2006. {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml |title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml |archivedate=2014-04-27 |deadurl=no |access-date=2016-04-28 }} BBC.
  59. ^ {{cite book|last=Elicker|first=Martina|title=Word and Music Studies: Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVPFUS7FIAQC&pg=PA227%7Cyear=2001%7Cpublisher=Rodopi%7Cisbn=978-90-420-1565-4%7Cchapter=Concept Albums: Song Cycles in Popular Music|pages=231–234}}
  60. ^ {{cite web|url=http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddha/a/laughingbuddha.htm%7Ctitle=The Laughing Buddha|accessdate=2011-01-06|publisher=about.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412011304/http://buddhism.about.com/od/buddha/a/laughingbuddha.htm%7Carchivedate=2014-04-12%7Cdeadurl=yes}}
  61. ^ {{cite book|title=Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible|author=Szpek, Heidi|page=92|isbn=978-0-595-25619-8}}
  62. ^ {{cite web|title=The Straight Dope: Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple?|author=Adams, Cecil|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple%7Caccessdate=2010-01-15%7Carchiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401002830/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple%7Carchivedate=2014-04-01%7Cdeadurl=no}}
  63. ^ {{cite web|title=Biblical Evidence Shows Jesus Christ Wasn't Born on Dec. 25|url=http://www.ucg.org/doctrinal-beliefs/biblical-evidence-shows-jesus-christ-wasnt-born-dec-25/%7Cpublisher=United Church of God|work=gnmagazine.org|accessdate=2014-11-24|archive-date=2015-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409052752/http://www.ucg.org/doctrinal-beliefs/biblical-evidence-shows-jesus-christ-wasnt-born-dec-25/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  64. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/christmas |title=Christmas — History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts |publisher=History.com |accessdate=2012-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307194348/http://www.history.com/topics/christmas |archivedate=2014-03-07 |deadurl=no }}
  65. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.whychristmas.com/customs/25th.shtml |title=Why Christmas Celebrated on the 25th December? – Christmas Customs and Traditions – whychristmas?com |publisher=Whychristmas.com |accessdate=2012-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040508/http://www.whychristmas.com/customs/25th.shtml |archivedate=2013-10-16 |deadurl=no }}
  66. ^ {{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5 | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Ibn | last=Warraq | title=Virgins? What virgins? | date=2002-01-12 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622000632/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5 | archivedate=2013-06-22 | deadurl=no | access-date=2016-04-28 }}
  67. ^ {{cite book |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |page=33 |author=Anjali Nirmal |publisher=Pointer Publishers |date=2009 |ISBN=978-81-7132-598-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=2016-04-28 |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107202757/http://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |dead-url=no }}
  68. ^ a. {{cite book|contribution=Deaf sign language|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|year=2013|edition=17th|publisher=SIL International|access-date=2013-12-03|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=M. Paul|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126034146/http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language%7Carchive-date=2013-11-26}}
    b. {{cite book|last1=Supalla|first1=Ted|author-link1=Ted Supalla|last2=Webb|first2=Rebecca|editor1-last=Reilly|editor1-first=Judy Snitzer|editor2-last=Emmorey|editor2-first=Karen|editor2-link=Karen Emmorey|title=Language, Gesture, and Space|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333%7Cyear=2013%7Cpublisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-77966-6|pages=333–52|chapter=The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages.|access-date=2023-04-11|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033603/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333%7Cdead-url=no}}
    c. {{cite book|last=Omar|first=Hasuria Che|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293%7Cyear=2009%7Cpublisher=ITBM%7Cisbn=978-983-42179-6-9%7Cpage=293%7Caccess-date=2023-04-11%7Carchive-date=2023-01-21%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033603/https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293%7Cdead-url=no}}
  69. ^ Geoffrey K. Pullum's explanation {{Wayback|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000405.html |date=20200810002544 }} in Language Log: The list of snow-referring roots to stick [suffixes] on isn't that long [in the Eskimoan language group]: qani- for a snowflake, apu- for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, a root meaning "slush", a root meaning "blizzard", a root meaning "drift", and a few others – very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit.
  70. ^ The seven most common English words for snow are snow, hail, sleet, ice, icicle, slush, and snowflake. English also has the related word glacier and the four common skiing terms pack, powder, crud, and crust, so one can say that at least 12 distinct words for snow exist in English.
  71. ^ a. {{cite news |last1=Sparks |first1=Preston |last2=Cox |first2=Timothy |date=2008-11-17 |title=Missing persons usually found |newspaper=Augusta Chronicle |url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111833/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-14 }}
    b. {{cite web |title=FAQs: Question: Do you need to wait 24 hours before reporting a person missing? |url=http://www.missingpersons.gov.au/nmpcc/faqs.aspx#a1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923232230/http://www.missingpersons.gov.au/nmpcc/faqs.aspx#a1 |archive-date=2008-09-23 |access-date=2011-05-22 |publisher=National Missing Persons Coordination Center, Australian Federal Police }}
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  72. ^ {{cite web |date=2013-06-03 |title=Report or find a missing person |url=https://www.gov.uk/report-missing-person |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122170802/https://www.gov.uk/report-missing-person |archive-date=2014-01-22 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=Gov.uk}}
  73. ^ {{Cite web |title=Why the first 72 hours in a missing persons investigation are the most critical, according to criminology experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/72-hours-missing-persons-investigation-critical-criminology-experts/story?id=58292638 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=ABC News |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312194816/https://abcnews.go.com/US/72-hours-missing-persons-investigation-critical-criminology-experts/story?id=58292638 |dead-url=no }}
  74. ^ {{cite news |first=Carol |last=Pogash |title=Myth of the 'Twinkie defense' |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |page=D-1 |date=2003-11-23 |access-date=2007-03-20 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611032604/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F11%2F23%2FINGRE343501.DTL |dead-url=no }}
  75. ^ {{cite news |url=https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/05/05/cops-seek-killer-of-man-who-washed-ashore-in-cement-shoes/ |title=Cops seek killer of man who washed ashore in 'cement shoes' |work=CBS 3 Philadelphia |agency=Associated Press |author=Colleen Long |date=2016-05-05 |access-date=2018-08-11 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518100829/https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/05/05/cops-seek-killer-of-man-who-washed-ashore-in-cement-shoes/ |dead-url=no }}
  76. ^ {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36215804#:~:text=%22Cement%20shoes%22%20as%20they%20are,was%20a%20known%20gang%20member. |title='Cement shoes' found on NYC corpse |work=BBC News |date=2016-05-05 |access-date=2021-08-05 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36215804#:~:text=%22Cement%20shoes%22%20as%20they%20are,was%20a%20known%20gang%20member. |dead-url=no }}
  77. ^ {{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20121120-polemique-cendres-encore-brulantes-general-bigeard-reposeront-frejus-algerie-torture-indochine |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=France 24 |language=fr |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706010636/http://www.france24.com/fr/20121120-polemique-cendres-encore-brulantes-general-bigeard-reposeront-frejus-algerie-torture-indochine |dead-url=no }}
  78. ^ Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
  79. ^ Imwinkelried and Blinka, Criminal Evidentiary Foundations, 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) {{ISBN|978-1-4224-1741-6}} at 620.
  80. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |title=Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights? |work=Patrick Barone |date=2021-09-10 |access-date=2021-09-10 |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714054454/http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |dead-url=no }}
  81. ^ a. {{Cite web |last=Benedictus |first=Leo |date=2015-03-23 |title=Gum control: how Lee Kuan Yew kept chewing gum off Singapore's streets |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/gum-control-how-lee-kuan-yew-kept-chewing-gum-off-singapores-streets |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210125248/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/gum-control-how-lee-kuan-yew-kept-chewing-gum-off-singapores-streets |dead-url=no }}
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    c. {{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren |date=2012-03-01 |title=How To Travel In Singapore Without Getting Caned |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-rules-laws-etiquette-gum-drugs-2012-2 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021083211/https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-rules-laws-etiquette-gum-drugs-2012-2 |dead-url=no }}
  82. ^ {{Cite web |last=Gilsinan |first=Kathy |date=2014-05-12 |title=Interpol at 100: Does the World's Police Force Work? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/interpol-the-global-police-force-that-isnt/362086/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416134627/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/interpol-the-global-police-force-that-isnt/362086/ |dead-url=no }}
  83. ^ {{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Michael |title=Interpol hopes physical border security will solve virtual borders |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/interpol-hopes-physical-border-security-will-solve-virtual-borders/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ZDNet |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129045835/https://www.zdnet.com/article/interpol-hopes-physical-border-security-will-solve-virtual-borders/ |dead-url=no }}
  84. ^ {{Cite web |title=FAQs: Question: Do crime scene investigators really draw a chalk line around the body? |date=2001-04-13 |url=https://www.straightdope.com/21343442/do-crime-scene-investigators-really-draw-a-chalk-line-around-the-body |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Straight Dope |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224151952/https://www.straightdope.com/21343442/do-crime-scene-investigators-really-draw-a-chalk-line-around-the-body |dead-url=no }}
  85. ^ {{Cite magazine|last=Shaw|first=Johnathan|title=Who Built the Pyramids?|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/who-built-the-pyramids-html%7Cdate=July–August 2003|magazine=Harvard Magazine|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-date=2023-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319160551/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/who-built-the-pyramids-html%7Cdead-url=no}}
  86. ^ {{Cite web|title=Egypt tombs suggest pyramids not built by slaves|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-antiquities-tombs/egypt-tombs-suggest-pyramids-not-built-by-slaves-idUSTRE6091E720100110%7Cdate=2010-01-10%7Cwebsite=Reuters%7Caccess-date=2022-08-14%7Carchive-date=2022-12-20%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220233133/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-antiquities-tombs/egypt-tombs-suggest-pyramids-not-built-by-slaves-idUSTRE6091E720100110%7Cdead-url=no}}
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 {{Cite web|last=Kratovac|first=Katarina|title=Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids|website=U.S. News|url=https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/01/12/egypt-new-find-shows-slaves-didnt-build-pyramids%7Cdate=2010-01-12%7Caccess-date=2022-08-14%7Carchive-date=2019-05-12%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512025618/https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/01/12/egypt-new-find-shows-slaves-didnt-build-pyramids%7Cdead-url=no}}
  88. ^ {{Cite magazine|last=Weiss|first=Daniel|title=Journeys of the Pyramid Builders|date=July–August 2022|url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/473-2207/features/10601-egypt-wadi-el-jarf-port-papyri#art_page6%7Cmagazine=Archaeology|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|access-date=August 14, 2022|quote=Based on the contents of the papyri, Tallet believes that at least some workers in the time of Khufu were highly skilled and well rewarded for their labor, contradicting the popular notion that the Great Pyramid was built by masses of oppressed slaves.|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314143516/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/473-2207/features/10601-egypt-wadi-el-jarf-port-papyri#art_page6%7Cdead-url=no}}
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 {{cite book|title=The Egyptians|last=Watterson |first=Barbara|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell|chapter=The Era of Pyramid-builders|page=63|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianspeoples00barb |quote=Herodotus claimed that the Great Pyramid at Giza was built with the labour of 100,000 slaves working in three-monthly shifts, a charge that cannot be substantiated. Much of the non-skilled labour on the pyramids was undertaken by peasants working during the Inundation season when they could not farm their lands. In return for their services they were given rations of food, a welcome addition to the family diet.}}
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  224. ^ a. {{cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/humans-need-bees-to-survive/755737%7Ctitle=If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive|first=John|last=Haltiwanger|website=Elite Daily|access-date=2023-04-17|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327105523/https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/humans-need-bees-to-survive/755737%7Cdead-url=no}}
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    d. Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us? {{Wayback|url=https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/would-world-without-bees-be-world-without-us |date=20220408172636 }}
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  240. ^ a. {{cite web|last=Gerard|first=John|year=1597|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748 |title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083100/http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748%7Carchive-date=2014-04-27%7Curl-status=live%7Clocation=London%7Cpublisher=John Norton|pages=612–14|access-date=2021-01-07}} Popular botany book in 17th century England.
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